Changing Workplace Within The Workplace - 1937 Words

Changing In the Workplace Workforce choice practices have gotten to be more conspicuous throughout the years, especially with law requirement enrollments. This upgraded utilization of methodology choice takes into consideration more propelled routines for surveying police officers. One specific explanation behind this great accentuation on choice frameworks is the end of inadequate police initiate candidates, accordingly guaranteeing that money related assets are not squandered on the poorly prepared (Cochrane. Tett. Vandecreek, 2003). A few elements affect the potential achievement or disappointment of police volunteers, including tertiary studies; productive relational abilities; past good and moral conduct and mental ampleness of†¦show more content†¦In the following few sections you will figure out how preparing, gear, workplace and strategies have changed and advanced in the police power. All through history the police force has amazingly changed, with the first signs of policing appearing in the Anglo-Saxon period in England; where the ruler would offer protection to the general individuals to an appraisal (Mawby, 1999). Several years afterward and the gauges of securing the people are for the most part the same. Nonetheless, lately wrongdoings and culprits are getting to be more refined; the requirement for higher capacities to control and deal with these convoluted circumstances is getting to be more common. It can be seen that the entrance necessities into the police power are likewise drastically expanding through the decades. This paper means to basically survey the adequacy of advanced education necessities by delineating the focal points and drawbacks and how it can be enhanced further. To increase a further understanding a short history of the steady civil argument will be dissected. Inside our police framework in America, there are crevices and provisos that offer breathing space to police authorities who either misuse the power given to them or don t speak to the moral models that they are required to satisfy. Due to the way of police work, there is a potential for weakening of these moral and good models through aberrance,

Similarities And Differences Between The Southern And...

In the late 1700’s, dozens of historians learned about events and forces that drove many colonial people to an armed rebellion. Among the patriots and economic determinists, fundamental agreement prevails, and the immediate cause is The American Revolution. Although the people of the colonies all lived in the same country, there were many similarities and differences between the southern and northern colonies, such as religion, economics, politics and governments. During the Revolution, there were thirteen different colonies, and when talked about they were divided into three different geographical locations, northern, middle and southern. The Northern region, also known as, the New England colonies, consisted of Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. The Southern colonies consisted of Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. â€Å"In the old colonial system a colony was to be a colony in the most obvious sense of the word: a perpetually subordinate agricultural and extractive area that served the mother country as a source of raw materials, a safety valve for excess or unwanted population, and a market for finished goods.† During the seventeenth and eighteenth century, mercantilism played a major role throughout the colonies. Mercantilism is a economic theory that enabled the government to regulate the economy for the purpose of building-up the rival nations economic power. The colonies, which belonged in t he northern region, were a dysfunctionalShow MoreRelatedSouthern Colonies vs New England Colonies713 Words   |  3 Pageswell as some similarities between colonies. 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Each region provided various opportunities and breakthrough ideas that created a distinct economic, cultural, and political society different from any other region. These ideas became the beginning of some prominent themes and beliefs Americans seeRead MoreIssues Of Early American Settlement Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesIn the early settlement of America, disease and forced labor played a significant role. In the Spanish colonies from Florida and Southward, smallpox took an enormous toll on the conquerors and the native peoples. The so-called â€Å"black legend† regarding the Spanish and Portuguese was actually somewhat true, but also somewhat misleading. The concept held that â€Å"the conquerors merely butchered or tortured the Indians (‘killing for Christ’), stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left littl eRead MoreImpact Of The Development Of Agriculture On Native American Society1511 Words   |  7 Pagesthe impact of renaissance contributed to the development. 5. 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The Stupidest Angel Chapter 9 Free Essays

string(50) " dismiss him and the men would still dislike him\." Chapter 9 THE LOCAL GUYS, THEY HAVE THEIR MOMENTS Thursday morning it became official: Dale Pearson, evil developer, was a missing person. Theo Crowe was going over the big red truck parked by the pounding Pacific at Lime Kiln Rock in the Big Sur wilderness area above Pine Cove. This was the area where half the world’s car commercials were filmed – everything from Detroit minivans to German lux-o-cruisers was filmed snaking around the cliffs of Big Sur, as if all you needed to do was sign the lease papers and your life would be an open road of frothy waves beating on majestic seawalls, with nothing but leisure and prosperity ahead. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stupidest Angel Chapter 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dale Pearson’s big red truck did look carefree and prosperous, parked there by the sea, despite the crust of salt forming on the paint and the appearance that the owner had been washed away in the surf. Theo wanted that to be the case. The highway patrol, who had found the truck, had reported it as an accident. There was a surf-casting rod there on the rocks, conveniently monogrammed with Dale’s initials. And the Santa hat he’d been wearing was found washed up nearby, and therein lay the problem. Betsy Butler, Dale’s squeeze, had said that Dale had gone out two nights ago to play Santa at the Caribou Lodge and had never come home. Who went fishing in the middle of the night while wearing a Santa hat? Granted, according to the other Caribou, Dale had done â€Å"some drinking,† and he was a little wound up from his confrontation with his ex-wife the day before, but he hadn’t lost his mind completely. Negotiating the cliffs by Lime Kiln Rock to get down to the water during the day was risky business; there’s no way that Dale would have tried it in the middle of the night. (Theo had lost his footing and slid twenty feet before he caught himself, wrenching his back in the process. Sure he was a little stoned, but then, Dale would have been a little drunk.) The highway patrolman, who had a crew cut and looked to be about twelve – an escapee from one of the hygiene films Theo had seen in sixth-grade health class, Why Mary Won’t Go in the Water – had Theo sign off on his report, then climbed in his cruiser and headed up the coast into Monterey County. Theo went back and looked through the truck again. All the things that should have been there – some tools, a black Mag flashlight, a couple of fast-food wrappers, another fishing rod, a tube of blueprints – were there. And all the things that shouldn’t – bloody knives, shell casings, severed limbs, evidence of bleach from cleanup – were not. It was like the guy had just driven up here, climbed down the cliff, and washed away. But that just couldn’t be the case. Dale could be mean-spirited, crude, and even violent, but he wasn’t stupid. Unless he knew the exact topography of these cliffs, and had a good flashlight, he’d never have made it down in the dark. And his flashlight was still in the truck. Theo wished that he had better training in crime-scene investigation. He’d learned most of what he knew from television, not at the academy where he’d spent a miserable eight weeks fifteen years ago when the corrupt sheriff who had found his personal pot patch had railroaded him into becoming Pine Cove’s constable. Since the academy, almost every crime scene he’d encountered had been turned over to the county sheriff or highway patrol almost immediately. He went over the truck cab again looking for something that might be a clue. The only thing remotely out of order was some dog hairs on the headrest. Theo couldn’t remember if Dale had a dog. He put the dog hairs in a sandwich bag and dialed Betsy Butler on his cell phone. She didn’t sound that broken up about Dale’s disappearance. â€Å"No, Dale didn’t like dogs. He didn’t like cats either. He was kind of a cow man.† â€Å"He liked cows? Did you guys have a pet cow?† Could it be cow hair? â€Å"No, he liked to eat them, Theo. Are you okay?† â€Å"No, sorry, Betsy.† He had been so sure that he didn’t sound stoned. â€Å"So, do I get the truck? I mean, are you going to bring it here?† â€Å"I have no idea,† said Theo. â€Å"They’ll tow it to the impound yard. I don’t know if they’ll release it to you. I’d better go, Betsy.† He snapped the phone shut. Maybe he was just tired. Molly had made him sleep on the couch last night – saying something about him having mutant tendencies. He hadn’t even known that she liked the salad shooter. He was sure that she could tell that he’d been smoking pot. He flipped the phone back open and called Gabe Fenton. â€Å"Hey, Theo. I don’t know what that stuff is you brought me, but it’s not hair. It won’t burn or melt, and it’s damn hard to cut or break. Good thing it was torn out by the roots.† Theo cringed. He had almost forgotten about the crazed blond guy he’d run over. He shuddered now, thinking about it. â€Å"Gabe, I have some more hair I’d like you to look at.† â€Å"Oh my God, Theo, did you run over someone else?† â€Å"No, I didn’t run over anybody. Jeez, Gabe.† â€Å"Okay. I’ll be here all day. Actually, I’ll be here all night, too. It’s not like I have anywhere to go. Or anyone who cares whether I live or die. It’s not like –  » â€Å"Okay. I’m coming over.† There were two men and three women, including Lena, in the offices of Properties in the Pines when Tucker Case came through the door. The women were immediately intrigued by him and the men immediately disliked him. It had always been that way with Tuck. Later, if they got to know him, the women would dismiss him and the men would still dislike him. You read "The Stupidest Angel Chapter 9" in category "Essay examples" Basically, he was a geek in a cool guy’s body – one feature or the other worked against him. It was an open stable of desks and Tuck went directly to Lena’s desk at the back. As he went he smiled and nodded to the realtors, who smiled back weakly, trying not to sneer. They were beat from showing properties to Christmas vacation be-backs who wouldn’t move here even if they could find employment in this toy town. They’d just failed to plan any vacation activities and so decided to take the kids out for a rousing round of jerk off the realtor. Or so went the party line at the MLS meetings. Lena met Tuck’s gaze and instinctively smiled, then frowned. â€Å"What are you doing here?† â€Å"Lunch? You. Me. Eating. Talking. I need to ask you something.† â€Å"I thought you were supposed to be flying.† Tuck hadn’t seen Lena in her business clothes – a sensible skirt and blouse, just a little mascara and lipstick, her hair pinned up with lacquered chopsticks, a few strands escaping here and there to frame her face. He liked the look. â€Å"I flew all morning. There’s weather. The edge of a storm coming.† He really wanted to pull the chopsticks out of her hair and throw her down there on the desk and tell her how he really felt, which was somewhat aroused. â€Å"We could get Chinese,† he added. Lena looked out the window. The sky was going dark gray over the shops across the street. â€Å"There’s no Chinese place in Pine Cove. Besides, I’m really swamped here. I handle vacation rentals and it’s Christmas Eve eve.† â€Å"We could go to your place for a quick lunch. You have no idea how quick I can be if I put my mind to it.† Lena looked past him to her coworkers, who, of course, were now staring. â€Å"Is that what you need to ask me?† â€Å"Oh, no, no, of course not. I wouldn’t – that would be, well, yes – but there’s something else.† Now Tuck was feeling the realtors watching him, listening to him. He leaned over Lena’s desk so only she could hear. â€Å"You said this morning that that constable guy your friend is married to lives in a cabin at the edge of a ranch. It wouldn’t be the big ranch north of town, would it?† Lena was still looking past him. â€Å"Yes, the Beer-Bar Ranch, belongs to Jim Beer.† â€Å"And there’s an old single-wide trailer next to the cabin?† â€Å"Yes, that used to be Molly’s, but now they live in the cabin. Why?† Tuck stood back and grinned. â€Å"Then white roses it is,† he said, a little too loudly for the benefit of the audience. â€Å"I just didn’t know if they’d be appropriate for the holidays.† â€Å"Huh?† Lena said. â€Å"See you tonight,† Tuck said. He leaned over and kissed her on the cheek, then sauntered out of the office, smiling apologetically at the exhausted realtors as he went. â€Å"Merry Christmas, you guys,† he said, waving from the door. The first thing that Theo noticed when he entered Gabe Fenton’s cabin was the aquariums with the dead rats. The female was scampering around the center cage, sniffing and crapping and looking rat-happy, but the others, the males, lay on their backs, feet shot to the sky, like plastic soldiers in a death diorama. â€Å"How did that happen?† â€Å"They wouldn’t learn. Once they associated the shock with sex, they started liking it.† Theo thought about his relationship with Molly over the last few days. He pictured himself in the dead-rat display. â€Å"So you just kept shocking them until they died?† â€Å"I had to keep the parameters of the experiment constant.† Theo nodded gravely, as if he understood completely, which he didn’t. Skinner came over and headbutted him in the thigh. Theo scratched his ears to comfort him. Skinner was worried about the Food Guy, and he was hoping that maybe the Emergency Backup Food Guy might give him one of the tasty-smelling white squirrels in the cages on the table, now that it appeared that the Food Guy was finished cooking them. This teasing was as bad as when that kid at the beach used to pretend to throw the ball, then not throw the ball. Then pretend to throw the ball, but not throw the ball. Skinner had to knock the kid down and sit on his face. Boy, had he been bad-dogged for that. Nothing hurt like being bad-dogged, but if the Food Guy kept teasing him with the white squirrels, Skinner knew he was going to have to knock him down and sit on his face, maybe even poop in his shoe. Oh, I am a bad, bad dog. No, wait, the Emergency Backup Food Guy was scratching his ears. Oh, that felt good. He was fine. Doggie Xanax. Never mind. Theo handed Gabe the sandwich bag with the hairs in it. â€Å"What’s the oily substance in the bag?† Gabe said, examining the specimen. â€Å"Potato-chip flotsam. The bag is from my lunch yesterday.† Gabe nodded, then looked at Theo the way the coroner always looks at the cop on TV – like: You numbskull, don’t you know that you’re contaminating evidence just by continuing to draw breath and I’d be a lot more comfortable with you if you’d stop? He took the bag over to the microscope on the counter, removed a couple of the hairs, and put them on a slide with a cover, then fitted it into the microscope. â€Å"Please don’t tell me it’s polar bear,† Theo said. â€Å"No, but at least it’s an animal. It seems to have a distinct sour-cream-and-onion signature.† Gabe pulled back from the microscope and grinned at Theo. â€Å"Just fucking with you.† He gave Theo a gentle punch to the arm and looked back into the microscope. â€Å"Wow, the medulla is absent and there’s low birefringence.† â€Å"Wow,† echoed Theo, trying but not really feeling the low-birefringence stoke that Gabe was. â€Å"I have to check the hair database online, but I think it’s from a bat.† â€Å"There’s a database for that? What, Bat Hair Dot-Com?† â€Å"That was supposed to be the whole purpose of the Internet, you know. To share scientific information.† â€Å"Not a Viagra- and porn-delivery system?† Theo said. Maybe Gabe was going to be okay after all. Gabe moved to the computer at his desk and scrolled through screen after screen of microscope photos of mammal hair until he found one he liked, then went back to the microscope and checked it again. â€Å"Wow, Theo, you’ve got yourself an endangered species here.† â€Å"No way.† â€Å"Where the hell did you get this? Micronesian giant fruit bat.† â€Å"Out of a Dodge pickup truck.† â€Å"Hmm, that’s not listed as their habitat. It wasn’t parked in Guam, was it?† Theo fished his car keys out of his pocket. â€Å"Look, Gabe, I have to go. Meet at the Slug for a beer tonight, okay?† â€Å"We can have beer now, if you want. I have some in the fridge.† â€Å"You need to get out. I need to get out. Okay?† Theo was backing out the door. â€Å"Okay. I’ll meet you at six. I have to go pick up some Super Glue solvent at the Thrifty-Mart.† â€Å"Bye.† Theo jumped off the porch and loped to the Volvo. Skinner barked at him in four-four time. Hello? Tasty white squirrels? Still in the little box? Hello? You forgot? When Theo pulled up to Lena Marquez’s house, there was a generic white economy rental car (A Ford Mucus, he thought) parked out front. He looked for the bat he’d seen hanging from the porch ceiling, but it wasn’t there. He hadn’t even filed the experience of running over the apparently indestructible blond guy, and now he was facing the possibility that he might actually be about to confront a murderer. Just in case, he’d stopped at home and gotten his gun off the shelf in the closet and his handcuffs off the bedpost where Molly had last imprisoned him when they had still been speaking. (She’d been in the yard out behind the cabin, working out with a bamboo shinai kendo sword she’d been using since breaking her broadsword – he’d snuck in and out without confrontation.) He unsnapped the Glock’s nylon holster that was clipped to the back of his jeans and rang the doorbell. The door opened. Theo screamed and drew his gun as he jumped back. On the other side of the threshold, Tucker Case screamed and dove backward also, shielding his face with his hands. His hat made a little yelping sound. â€Å"Hold it right there,† Theo said. He could feel his pulse beating in his neck. â€Å"I’m holding, I’m holding. Jesus, what the fuck is this about?† â€Å"You have a bat on your head!† â€Å"Yeah, and for that you’re going to shoot me?† The bat, his huge black wings wrapped around the pilot’s head, gave the impression of a large leather cap with a Mohawk crest of fur that culminated in a big-eared little dog face that was now barking at Theo. â€Å"Well, uh, no.† Theo lowered the gun, feeling a little embarrassed now. He was still in his shooter’s crouch, though, which now, with the gun lowered, made him look like he was posing as the world’s skinniest sumo wrestler. â€Å"Can I get up?† Tuck asked. â€Å"Sure, I just wanted to talk to Lena.† Tucker Case was exasperated and his bat had fallen over one eye. â€Å"Well, she’s at her office. Look, if you’re going to get high, maybe you ought to leave the gun at home, huh?† â€Å"What?† Theo had been careful to use some Visine, and it had been hours since he’d hit his Sneaky Pete pot pipe. He said, â€Å"I’m not high. I haven’t gotten high in years.† â€Å"Yeah, right. Constable, maybe you’d better come in.† Theo stood and tried to shake off the appearance that he’d just had about five years of life scared out of him by a guy with a bat on his head. He followed Tucker Case into Lena’s kitchen, where the pilot offered him a seat at the table. â€Å"So, Constable, what can I do for you?† Theo wasn’t sure. He’d planned on talking to Lena, or at least the two of them together. â€Å"Well, as you probably know, we found Lena’s ex-husband’s truck up in Big Sur.† â€Å"Of course, I saw it.† â€Å"You saw it?† â€Å"From the helicopter. Tucker Case, contract pilot for the DEA, remember? You can check me out if you want to. Anyway, we’ve been patrolling that area.† â€Å"You have?† The bat was looking at Theo and Theo was having trouble following his own thoughts. The bat was wearing tiny sunglasses. Ray-Bans, Theo could see by the trademark in the corner of one lens. â€Å"I’m sorry, Mr., uh – Case, could you take the bat off your head. It’s very distracting.† â€Å"Him.† â€Å"Pardon?† â€Å"It’s a him. Roberto. He no like the light.† â€Å"Pardon?† â€Å"Friend of mine used to say that. Sorry.† Tucker Case unwrapped the bat and put it on the floor, where it spidered away, walking on its wing tips into the living room. â€Å"God, that’s creepy,† Theo said. â€Å"Yeah, you know, kids. What are you gonna do?† Tuck dazzled a perfect grin. â€Å"So, you found this guy’s truck? Not him, though?† â€Å"No. It was made to look like he was washed into the ocean while fishing off the rocks.† â€Å"Made to look? So, you suspect foul play?† Tuck bounced his eyebrows. Theo thought the pilot should be taking this more seriously. It was time to drop the bomb. â€Å"Yes. First, he never came home after the Caribou Christmas party Tuesday night, where he played the joke Santa. No one goes surf-fishing in the middle of the night, wearing a Santa suit. We found the Santa hat still in the truck, and I found hairs from a Micronesian fruit bat on the headrest.† â€Å"Well, that’s a coincidence. Jeez, that’s got to make you suspicious, doesn’t it?† Tucker Case got up and went over to the counter. â€Å"Coffee? I just made it.† Theo stood up, too, just because he didn’t want the suspect to get away, or maybe to show that he was taller, because it seemed like the only advantage he had over the pilot. â€Å"Yes, it is suspicious. And I talked to a kid Tuesday night who said he saw a woman killing Santa Claus with a shovel. I didn’t think anything of it then, but now I think the kid might have actually seen something.† Tucker Case was busying himself with getting cups out of the cupboard, milk out of the fridge. â€Å"So, you did tell the kid that there’s no Santa, right?† â€Å"No, I didn’t.† Now Tucker Case turned, coffeepot in hand, and regarded Theo. â€Å"You know that there is no Santa, don’t you, Constable?† â€Å"This is not a joke,† Theo said. He hated this – hated being the MAN. He was supposed to be the smart-ass in the face of authority figures. â€Å"Cream?† Theo sighed. â€Å"Sure. And sugar, please.† Tuck finished preparing the coffee, brought the cups to the table, and sat down. â€Å"Look, I see where you’re going with this, Theo. Can I call you Theo?† Theo nodded. â€Å"Thanks. Anyway, Lena was with me Tuesday night, all night.† â€Å"Really? I saw Lena on Monday. She didn’t mention you. Where did you meet?† â€Å"At the Thrifty-Mart. She was a Salvation Army Santa. I thought she was attractive, so I asked her out. We hit it off.† â€Å"You make it a habit of hitting on the Salvation Army Santas?† â€Å"Lena said that you’re married to a scream queen called Kendra, Warrior Babe of the Outland.† Theo nearly shot coffee out his nose. â€Å"That was a character she used to play.† â€Å"Yeah, Lena says sometimes that’s not so clear to her. My point is: Love is where you find it.† Theo nodded. Yeah, that was true. Before he drifted into a wistful state of mind, Theo reminded himself that this guy was, in an offhand way, attacking the woman he loved. â€Å"Hey,† Theo said. â€Å"It’s okay? Who am I to judge? I married an island girl who had never seen indoor plumbing until I brought her to the States. Didn’t work out –  » â€Å"Fruit-bat hair in the truck,† Theo interrupted. â€Å"Yeah, I knew you’d come back to that. Well, who knows? Roberto goes out on his own from time to time. Maybe he met this Dale guy. Maybe they hit it off. You know, love is where you find it. I doubt it, though. I hear that this Dale guy was a real creep.† â€Å"Are you implying that your bat may have something to do with the disappearance of Dale Pearson?† â€Å"No, you nitwit, I’m saying that my bat may have had something to do with bat hair, which, even you, with your Sherlock Holmes-like powers of observation, may have noticed he is all covered with.† â€Å"I can’t believe you’re a cop,† Theo said, getting truly angry now. â€Å"I’m not a cop. I just fly the helicopter for the DEA. They hire me by the season, and this is close to the harvest season in Big Sur and surrounding areas, so here I am, flying around looking in the forest for dark green patches while the agents in the back look at it through infrared and record everything on GPS so they can get specific warrants. And man, do they pay well. ‘Vive la war on drugs, I say. But no, I’m not a cop.† â€Å"I didn’t think so.† â€Å"Funny thing is, I have learned to spot the right color of green from the sky, and usually the infrared confirms my suspicions. This morning I spotted about a thousand-square-foot patch of marijuana growing just north of the Beer-Bar Ranch. You know where that is?† Theo felt a lump in his throat the size of one of Gabe’s dead rats. â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Man, that’s a lot of pot, even by commercial growers’ standards. Felony quantity. I turned the helicopter – steered away without calling it to the agent’s attention, but weather permitting, we could go back. There’s a storm coming in, you know? Roberto and I drove by there this afternoon just to make sure. I guess I can always show the agents tomorrow.† Tucker Case put down his coffee, leaned on his elbows, and turned his head sideways like he was a cute kid in a cereal commercial who was reaching sugar nirvana. â€Å"You’re a very unlikable man, Mr. Case.† â€Å"Oh my God, you should have seen me before I had my epiphany. I used to really be an asshole. I’m actually very charming now. By the way, I saw your wife working out in the yard at your house – very nice. The whole sword thing is a little scary, but otherwise, very nice.† Theo got to his feet, feeling a little dizzy even as he stood, like he’d been hit with a sock full of sand. â€Å"I’d better be going.† Tucker Case put his hand on Theo’s shoulder as he walked him to the door. â€Å"You probably don’t believe this, Theo, but at another time, I’m sure we’d be friends. And you have to understand, I really, really want things to work out with Lena. It was like we met just at the precise moment, the exact second, that I got over my divorce and was ready to love again. And it’s so nice to have someone to bone under the Christmas tree, don’t you think? She’s a great woman.† â€Å"I like Lena,† Theo said. â€Å"But you are a psychopath.† â€Å"You think?† Tuck said. â€Å"I’ve really been trying to be more helpful.† How to cite The Stupidest Angel Chapter 9, Essay examples

Methodology Guidelines for Construction †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Procurement Methodology Guidelines for Construction. Answer: Introduction The procurement approaches have different effects, which they are able to bring to a project. The successes of the projects are highly affected by the kind of the procurement approaches, which are employed. From the cost implications to the efficient of implementations and also the implementation periods are some of the key elements which are affected by the choice of the procurement approach chosen. The analysis of the [procurement approaches on the given projects must be done to determine the best approach. The different approaches are able to perform on different projects based on the specifications of the projects itself. This means that the failure of one approach on a particular project does not mean that it will not succeed on another project. The differences in projects specifications are able to lead to the performance differences in the projects. The main aim of the procurement approaches is to make sure that the projects are completed within the specified timeline, able to meet the cost estimated and able to meet the clients quality requirements. This paper will be able to analyze the different procurement approaches. In addition, it will be able to look for the best appropriate approach for the federation square project. It will be able to recommend that procurement approach which would help to perfectly implement this project and the way it would improve the performance factors for the implementation of this project. The federation square is located north of the Princes Bridge and bounded by Flinders Street and the Yarra River. The project covers an estimated area of 7.9 acres and is estimated to cost about $345 million. Moreover, the project is fixed to provide three note-worthy public areas which include St Pauls court, The square and the Atrium. Moreover, the construction of this project is based on a concrete deck, which is above the railroad on the cross points of Flinders street and Swanston Street on Kilda road. This project is able to provide key cultural and civic celebrations to the residents in Melbourne. With an estimated 6 million residents who visit the federation square each year, the project is key to enhancing the livelihood and economy of these people. The execution of the project is in terms of collaboration between Victorian government which had the support of the Commonwealth government and Melbourne City Council. The project had an initial cost estimate of $128 million. Nevertheless, the implementation cost rose up to $345 million and was found to have delayed with 26 months rendering the initial cost as unrealistic figure. The cost difference on the initial estimate was found through the available funding which was available at this moment. The federation square project is one of the key mega project which is able to offer a proper analysis of the way the procurement approaches are able to perform on a project. The changes were able to happen from the tendering amount to the award amount. In the end, Lab architecture and Bates Smart came together and collaborated where they were to design the project. The collaboration was able to lead to different problems and successes on the project implementation. The needs and implementation process were able to offer critical elements which led to the project being a fast tracking one. The government used the fast tracking mechanism on the project and became the key driving force for the project. The strategy was meant to help the design tem to be able to come up with the best documentation of the project. Nevertheless, the complexity of this project offered a major challenge to this method of implementation of the project and resulted to the various challenges on the project such as the cost increments and delays experienced. On the process of the fast tracking implementation, Multiplex was appointed without any competitive tendering process. On the process, eleven months after the start of the works, Multiplex was able to place forward a claim of $19.1 million to the government in order to cover the delays and damages which were caused by absence of the lack of proper contractual agreement between the parties. This is a small part of the p roblems which were experienced on the project due to the wrong choice of procurement approach. In addition, in 2002, the contract agreement was altered which was able to lead to construction Management arrangement. The main reason for the alteration was due to various issues which were able to include; the ever changing and incomplete designs and documentations, the reluctance of the Office of Major Projects to compromise the architecture in order to be able to risk the allocation for design to Multiplex. Moreover, other reason for the alteration is the more disputes, which were coming over arrangement fee for the additional costs and the developments of the designs, which were continuing through the tender period. The procurement approaches are key in ensuring that the projects are able to meet the different specifications of the projects. The success of the projects is largely connected with the kind of the procurement approaches which is assumed. Moreover, the uses of some key approaches in some projects are able to mitigate the problems, which are experienced on other approaches. Use of some procurement approaches would have been able to solve some key problems in the federation square project. The cost and timeline of implementation are some of the key areas where the project was able to fail a lot. Procurement methods analysis Each of the procurement approach is able to have it merits and demerits when used in a particular project. In order to increase the chances of proper project Management, right procurement approaches must be chosen from the beginning. The timeline, costs and the quality of the project are the key areas, which the procurement approaches, are able to enhance in their applications. Some of the key approaches, which are employed, on the construction projects include, traditional or design bid and build, design and construct procurement, Management procurement and collaborative procurement among other projects. The risks elements in the projects are the main area, which the procurement approaches, are able to address (Smith and Love, 2001). Moreover, the procurement approaches are able to specify the responsibilities of the different parties and the manner on which the construction procedure will be carried out. The risk management is also key element where the different parties are able t o share the risks involved in the project. Moreover, the procurement approaches are able to enhance the effectiveness in the cost implementation, the quality of work execution and effectiveness in the time of completion. At the end, the best strategy will be able to reduce the risk which is associated with the project. The procurement management is able to show the risks, which are involved between the different parties, and the way they share the risks. This is one of the key procurement approach which has been used in the construction industry. in this method, the client is able to assume only the risks which are not associated with the construction activities. The contractor bears all the risks which are related to the construction activities. A consultant is also involved, where he is appointed to carry out the design and cost control of the projects (Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, 2010). Moreover, the contractor has risks related to workmanship and materials including all the activities, which the subcontractors are able to carry out, and the suppliers. Moreover, through this approach, early start of works is possible. Other key sub approaches, which include, lump sum contracts in which the contract sum is determined before the beginning even the construction and the amount is agreed upon. The other sub category is the cost reimbursement where the contract sum is achieved through the basis of ac tual cost of labor, plants and material and then the fees to cover the overheads and profits are added. Traditional procurement strategy Under this sub approach, the contractor is able to define the amount of work which he or she has done and in return is compensated the agreed amount. Fluctuations are able to happen on the agreed sum on the basis of fluctuations of the labor, plants and materials, which are then, covered using a formula or checking the invoices. The drawings and filled bill of quantities are used to arrive at the contract sum through this method. Through this method, the work which is carried by the contractor is not easily measurable accurately through the tendering. This method is also known as the re-measurement contract. The design is usually used to accurately amount to the amount and quality of what is required and given to the tenderer (Holt, Proverbs and Love, 2000). Moreover, the employer has to accept the risk involved when the works are starting without accurate idea on the total cost. Through this method, the contactor is able to carry out an transitional amount of work on the basis that he will be paid the prime amount or simply the actual cost of the labor, plants used and materials (Mortledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006). Moreover, the management fee is also agreed upon to cover management, overheads and the profits of the contractor. It is a competitive approach in the selection of partied. Design is influenced by both the client and consultant hence facilitating high level of functionality and quality improvement Certainty in price at the contract awarding is achieved Changes are easily made on the contract are easily made to arrange and manage Dis advantages It takes long time to construction using this approach. When produced without completion, disputes usually arise during the implementation leading to changes which might be costly Projects usually take longer time on implementation due to variations Lack of input into design or planning of the project by the contractor Reflection on this project The major boost from this approach on the federation square is able to come from the fact that the competitiveness on the contractor selection. This will ensure that the project gets the best contractor to perform the different tasks on the construction. Qualified contractor is selected through this approach. Certainty of the price is key for such project and this is a key element which the federation square would be able to benefit. This ensures that the funding of the project can be arranged before the construction works begin. In addition, correction of errors can be done easily meaning that amendments are easily made. This ensures that the sure construction of elements is achieved. Nevertheless, it would not be wise to implement this approach on the federation square project. Key delays are able to arise due to the numerous disputes which the different parties are able to produce. For instant, Multiplex construction was able to apply for the different disputes which was able to hinder the construction process for this project. This shows that this project was not effective and the best choice to be used in this project. The disputes takes time to resolve and this consumes a lot of time which could have been meant for the implementation of the project. The federation square is a fast tracking project meaning it was required in the shortest time possible. Tis method was able to prove that it was ineffective to be used in this project due to the increased disputes, which needed to be resolved, and therefore altering with the schedule. In addition, these disputes were related with monetary compensations which increased the cost of the project implementation. This w as able to mean that the project cost was able to exceed the expectation and thus affecting the funding plans. In addition, this approach lacks the input by the contractor during the pre-construction stage. The time is able to affect the implementation period of the project and it was clearly evident in the federation square implementation leading to the late delivery of the project. For complex project such as the federation square project, the input by the contractor is key to ensure that they understand the way to enhance the construction of the project. Due to these reasons, it is clear that the traditional method is not effective in proper delivery of the federation square project. Design and construct procurement Through the design and construct procurement approach, the contractor is able to bear some of the risks which are involved in the design activities. Moreover, the contractor is able to take several responsibilities which are involved in the design. The determination of the contract sum is done through competitive pricing (Hayford, 2006). There are different design and construct types such as: Through this method, there are number of variations which do happen in this approach which include; Direct mostly applied when there is no competitive tendering Competitive through this method, tenders are obtained from different documents and compared in order to come up with the designs and prices Develop and construct this processes starts with consultant who offers partial design and then contractors are selected. Package deal used when competing contractors are required to use part of their own properties building system Novation used when contractor is able to take over from the consultant for the design and then goes ahead to construction works Advantages Contractor is involved in design leading to improved construction stage. Overlapping of design and construction is possible leading reduce the time of implementation Reduction on cost and construction time is achieved through guaranteed maximum price Client deals with one contractor reducing the need to commit resources and time contracting designers and contractors differently Cost of the project is received from commencing of works since clients requirements are specified Disadvantages The project brief may change according to client making it expensive. The approach requires comparison with other designs, their contents and prices which may consume a lot of time. Client need the commitment in order to accept design at an early stage Client may find it difficult when preparing an adequate and sufficient brief The design liability is limited to the standard contracts which are available Reflection to this project This approach would have enhanced the time of completion of the project and within its Management budget. Since the contractor is involved in the design stage, this would have helped the project in the construction stage since the contractor would be aware of what is required. The overlapping of design and construction would have been perfect considering the federation square was a fast tracking project to enhance the completion timeline. The guaranteed contract sum would have enhanced the reduction of construction cost for the project. Moreover, the client would have to deal with one contractor enhancing the different resources commitment to the project. Nevertheless, this approach has its own flaws, which would have led to the failure of the project if it was used. The implementation strategy require functional building which is not available for the case study of the federation square project. Moreover, this approach is ideal for the simple projects. The federation square is a complex project meaning that this approach would not be able to function well. In addition, the approach requires a single firm to be in charge of the activities. Considering the magnitude of the federation square project, it would be difficult for a single firm to take all that risk. In addition, the changes on design can be made easily through this project meaning many alterations would have to delay the construction and completion of this project. The time for the comparison of designs and other elements of this project would be able to lead to delay on implementation. This is another reason why this approach would be able to fail on implementation of this project. This should have led to delays and therefore unable to meet the designed schedule, therefore making it improper choice of method to be used. In this approach, the client is able to have the project manager who is able to advise the client on different elements of the project. Several approaches, which are available in this approach, include management contracting, construction management and design and manage (Hayford, 2006). The following is the follow of relationship which this method id able to apply. On the management contracting, the client appoints an independent professional team, which is done during the pre-construction stages. The team also enhances the execution of works through direct contracts (Austroads, 2007). In addition, on the design and manage, the contractor receives a fee and is able to assume the responsibility for the works contractors and for the design team. Contractors and consultants do take different responsibilities in this approach. Advantages The time takes for the design is easy the client deals with a single firm. Overlapping of activities is easy leading to time saving Less risky to the client since, the contractor is able to assume risk and responsibility for integrating design and construction Value for money is achieved since works package are sometimes competitive at prices Contractor input at the design is able to enhance construction The specification of the roles, risk and responsibilities for all parties is well done Flexibility in design is done easily Disadvantages Price certainty is arrived at after the project completion The client need to be conversant with the construction activities. The approach requires full commitment of resources and client brief before the works begin to ensure completion of works The client does not have control of design which is influenced by contractors Reflection to the project The value of money is one of the key factor which would have been key in the federation square construction. This would ensure that the project is able to meet its economic nature and therefore meeting the cost effectiveness. In addition, this approach would have led to few alterations in design since the client deals with single firm. More importantly, the client has not risks on the construction and design since the contractor and contractor assumes all of them. Increased construction is another key benefit which this method would be able to offer to the federation square since the contractor would be involved on design. Overlapping of design and construction would ensure that the project is completed within the stipulated timeline. All these are key advantages which this method would be able to offer to the federation square project when selected to be used. For the project of federation square magnitude, the commitment of the funding is required and therefore certainty of the different factors is required at the beginning of the project. The price certainty is only arrived after the completion of works meaning it would be difficult to finance this project. This approach offers this certainty at the end of the project. For the expensive project as the federation square, it is best when the resources are offered at the beginning of the project. It is not easy to get a client who is conversant with the construction. This means that for this project, the contractor and consultant will take time to explain to the client more on the construction projects, which will lead to wastage of more time. This means that this would not be possible for this project. Moreover, the client has no control over the design meaning that the contractor will be able to design what suits them. In this approach, the government and the private sector come together and enter into an agreement to implement the projects. The private sector took over a government project, design it, fund and supervise the construction and use it for a specified duration before handing it over to the government (Walker, Sidwell Hampson, 1999). Since the private sector finances the project, the risk of the borrowed money by the government is reduced (Infrastructure Australia, 2012). Advantages The project is completed within budget and at stipulated deadline bringing value for money. The cost estimation methods and predictions are perfect ensuring proper funding strategies. Efficient on the cost and timeline of construction Low cost due to the transfer of the management risks and risk transfers Transparency in the procurement and execution of the projects is high Disadvantages the project is able to increase of the transaction costs and capital cost the project may delay when specifications of the project are not clear Reflection on the project During the use of this method, the project budget and timeline of completion are highly observed leading to the effectiveness on the project implementation. In addition, this method is able to suit the fast tracking projects such as the federation square project. In addition, the effectiveness of the cost and time estimation methods in this approaches shows that it will be able to perform on the federation square project. Risk transfers are easy in this approach leading to low cost. This is an aspect which will be critical on the implementation of the federation square project. Moreover, looking on the high cost and delays on the project, this method is effective to be able to solve some of these key problems. The private sector would have controlled the execution of the project within timeline and cost. The federation square project cost is high and this requires an additional party to get in. Moreover, this is a risky project and this method is able to enhance the risk transfer and therefore ensuring that some parties are not burden by the risks. As a fast tracking project, there was need to have the approach, which will be able to observe the implementation timeline and the budget, and the PPP is the key approach which would have done that. Conclusion In the analysis, it is clear that the PPP will be able to enhance the different aspects which are found on this project. The PPP will be able to solve the issue which are connected with the cost and delays as well as the numerous delays and disputes which were raised in the implementation of the federation square project. As a complex project with fast tracking component, the PPP will be able to enhance the implementation of such projects considering all the procedures. The timeline for the execution is one of the key element which the strategy would have helped to solve. The method is able to reduce the key risks and enhance the cost effectiveness of the method. The complexity of this project means that it was associated with high risks which needed to be solved. References Victorian State Government (2006). Project Alliance Practitioners Guide. Department of Treasury and Finance (https://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/projectalliancing) Walker, D., Sidwell, A. Hampson, K. (1999), Project Procurement and Alliances A Continuum of Competition to Cooperation, RMIT, Melbourne New South Wales Government (2005). Procurement Methodology Guidelines for Construction. Version 1, February, NSW Government, Sydney, Australia. Mortledge, R., Smith, A., Kashiwagi, D.T. (2006). Building Procurement. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. Holt, G.D., Proverbs, D., and Love, P.E.D. (2000). Survey findings on UK construction procurement: Is it achieving lowest cost, or value? Asia Pacific Building and Construction Management Journal, 5, pp.13-20. Smith, J., and Love, P.E.D. (2001). Adapting to client needs in construction a dialogue. Facilities, 19(1/2), pp.71-78. Austroads (2007). Guide to project delivery: part 2: project delivery planning and control, by R Brown and P Robinson, AGPD02/07, Austroads, Sydney, NSW. Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery (2010). Infrastructure procurement options guide, Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, Western Australia, Perth, WA. Hayford, O. (2006). Successfully allocating risk and negotiating a PPP contract, Paper presented at Annual national private public partnerships summit, 6th, 2006, Australia, Clayton Utz, Sydney, NSW, 18 pp. Infrastructure Australia. (2012). Efficiencies in major project procurement: volume 1: Benchmarks for efficient procurement of major infrastructure, Department of Infrastructure and Transport, Canberra, ACT, viewed 20 July 2012, https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/publications/

Butterflies Essays - Insect Anatomy, Lepidoptera, Butterfly

Butterflies BUTTERFLIES: Butterflies are flying insects, which comprise the order Lepidoptera with. There are about 15,000 to 20,000 kinds of butterflies. Butterflies are holometobore insects. The largest butterfly ever found is the Queen Alexandra's butterfly. Scientific and non-scientific vocabulary words which must be learned before reading this section in alphabetical order: Abdomen: (noun) 1. The part of the body in mammals, that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. 2. In arthropods the major part of the body behind the thorax. Appendage: (noun) (1. Something attached to a larger entity.) 2. A subordinate or derivative bodily part Conceal: (verb) to keep from observation, discovery, or understanding. Exceedingly: (adj.) Extreme. Minuscule: (adj.) Minute. Omatidea: Proboscis: (noun: plural). A long, flexible snout. Pollinator =* Pollinate: (verb) to fertilize by transferring pollen from an anther to a stigma of. Pheromone: Simultaneously: (adj.) Happening, existing, or done at the same time. Spherical: (noun) 1. A three-dimensional surface all the points of which are equidistant from a fixed point. (2. Ball.) Spiracle: Stimulate: (verb) stir Thorax: Valve: (noun) 1. A membranous bodily structure that retards or prevents the return flow of a fluid (2A. A mechanical device that regulates gas or liquid flow by blocking and uncovering openings. 2B. The movable control element of such a device. 2C. A device in a brass wing instrument that permits change in pitch through rapid variation of the air column in a value. (noun) 1. A fair equivalent or return for something. 2. Monetary or material worth.) MODULE 1:Butterfly Physiology Butterflies are insects, which belong to order Lepidoptera. Their body divides into three segments: abdomen, head and thorax. Usually adult butterflies contain antennae, compound eyes, six pair of legs and a hard exoskeleton with their head, thorax and abdomen. Also micro sensory hairs cover butterflies' outer bodies and scales cover the wings, which is rarely seen. Now let's get back to our body segments. The most important parts of the head are: 1.antennae 2.eyes 3.proboscis Antennae: The antennae are used for two important jobs: $ It's used for balance in flight. Because butterflies have fragile (breakable) wings, they can easily be worn out in daily use and when they are attacked by other species, which attack their wings rather than their body. When this happens, a butterfly can keep flying because of their antennae fix its balance. $ They are also helpful for the sense of smell. Female butterflies release kind of scents (pheromones) into the air which male butterflies can detect even from 2 kilometers away. These scents help the butterflies to find and mate each other. Eyes: Eyes are very big and spherical organs in butterflies. Butterflies have compound eyes ?containing thousands of hexagonal shaped omatidea.?* Each omatidea (or minuscule sensor) is located at a small different angle from the others. They are directed in every direction so they're able to see every direction simultaneously. But because of this advantage, nature gave the butterflies a big disadvantage: they have exceedingly small brain and omni-vision, which enables them to focus: the clearest vision they can see is blurred. Butterflies' eyes are sensitive to three basic visions: 1.light 2.movement (motion) 3.and color Butterflies can separate night from day, but cannot distinguish (ex.) red from purple. They don't have enough ability to specify who or what is in front of them. *From http://www.butterflyfarm.co.cr/farmer/bfly2.htm Proboscis: Butterflies' feeding mechanism is a long double-barreled tube, which is named as ?proboscis'. They feed with liquid substances, so their mouths are shaped like a straw. People generally think of butterflies as feeding from different kinds of nectars, but they also include mud, cow dung, water and tree sap in their diets. Thorax: The thorax is the middle part of the body, which connects the appendages (four wings and six legs). $ The butterflies' ears are located in the thorax, also. They're made of tight membranes, which is similar to the human eardrum. Just under the membranes, there are hairs but they cannot be seen from outside. The membrane vibrates when a sound wave hits the membrane, which leads the membrane to touch the hairs. Then, the hairs sense the vibration so they send a message to the brain indicating the location of the sound. Abdomen: Abdomen is also a very important part of a butterfly's body. It includes the respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems. $ Respiratory system: Because butterflies feed liquid substances, the only thing they excrete is

Animal Management assignment Essays

Animal Management assignment Essays Animal Management assignment Essay Animal Management assignment Essay Risk assessment for chicken transportation from a farm to a slaughter house (2 of 2) 12. References 13. References Free range chicken management system Introduction Poultry is one of the most popular meat products in the I-J. EX. marketing rules require that free-range poultry farming allows chickens to run free giving them a chance to spend at least half of their day in the open air. European marketing standards require that free-range chickens have access to an open-air run in the day time in the night time chickens are let inside to protect them from predators. The birds should have the option to go inside when weather conditions are bad. In a free-range management system a chickens life span is longer than caged chickens, it also causes less stress to chickens in comparison to any other management system. This system requires minimal Costs, but moralities due to predators are quite high (Amelia J. G. 1999). Free-range chickens have an additional opportunity to show their natural behavior. It gives them more space for exercising and they are able to get natural sunlight (DEFRAY 2001). Access outdoors reduces the level of ridding for birds that choose to stay inside. Also more space and enrichment prevents chickens from cannibalism and feather pecking. Housing EX. marketing laws require that free-range chickens have access to open-air runs for at least half of their lives. There must be at least alma of range per bird. (Compassion in World Farming March 2013) Substrate in the shelter needs to be straw like or wood shavings; this is so chickens can display their natural behavior such as digging, dust bathing, pecking etc. Outside substrate has to be free draining and covered mainly in vegetation (DEFRAY 001 ), (Fig. 1). The area has to have some enrichment for birds like trees, bushes, hay piles etc. The roost must provide shade from the sun shelter from the wind and aerial predators, real or apparent (planes, other vehicles, humans etc. ). The building has to have plenty of open access for chickens to go in and out as desired. The housing needs to have easy access in all weather conditions for vehicles to park for bird transfers. Fig 1. Free-range chicken farm (Mutton p. 2006) Ventilation The shelter must have natural automatic ventilation control (side vents along he length of the housing, above the windows). The ventilation system needs to function so the air change rate is adequate to remove the heat from the building during hot weather. This is referred to as the maximum ventilation rate. During periods of low ventilation cold weather it needs to be able to remove stale/unpleasant air and humidity (minimum ventilation rate). Confirm and draught free distribution of air within the building is important. (DEFRAY Publications, 2001) Ventilation can be produced by natural forces or by powered fans (Fig. 2), either way the birds need to have the right enraptures at all times. Good ventilation is essential, especially in the summer time when weather gets hot. If ventilation is poor the birds might overheat, this could lead to stress and in the worst case, death. Ventilation helps to lower ammonia levels in closed areas; it also provides fresh air and reduces unpleasant doors. Fig. 2 Building ventilation system (SHEIKH, F. 2012) Layout feeders perches other equipment It is essential for feeders, drinkers, nest boxes and perches to have the right layout, Otherwise it could cause stress lower production. Feeders and drinkers (as shown in a Fig. ) are installed along the entire roost; this gives a chance for every chicken to have access to food and water. This layout reduces chances of starvation and dehydration. Perches should be arranger in such a way that chickens can freely move between them and other equipment, if not the birds could get hurt. Moreover, if the birds were to get damaged it could compromise the resale of the product. All equipment should be mobile and easy to move/remove for cleaning or when gathering the birds for transportation. Lighting Lighting needs to be designed and installed evenly throughout the building etc reduce an equal amount of artificial and natural light. For health and safety reasons the lighting system must be raised high enough so that the birds cannot reach peck it. Conclusion Free-range farming is beneficial for birds and consumers. For chickens it means that they will have slightly longer, healthier and more fulfilled life. Moreover, it provides higher quality welfare along with opportunities to go outside and roam, whilst offering a more enriched life inside. Slower growing bird breeds with access to open-air produces less but better fat and a higher quality product (RASPS, 201 1). Free range farming is beneficial to the consumer as the birds receive higher welfare, tend to be higher quality product, reasonably priced and are kept in an environment that is more natural. There are many issues surrounding the sustainability of agriculture, including restoration of habitats, improving soil health and water quality. The unsustainable practices that are uneaten have an ill effect on the aforementioned and the environment as a whole. The world population is growing at a fast rate which leads to the demand of agricultural commodities. Moreover, this leads for a call to action in sustainable agriculture management to support demands, an area of concern is water control. Water is the life blood of agriculture and wildlife alike, poor water management can have an impact on crop grow/regeneration to habitat disruption. An example of poor water management affecting crops is in the Irish grasslands, the grasslands have poorly drained soil which impedes the growth and yield of crops. To resolve the issues surrounding this area it has been suggested to improve the natural flow of the water off of the land by creating properly managed hedgerows, wetlands and buffer zones. Therefore, creating a lance that can see the sustainability of wildlife and crops equally, rather than only focusing on the yield of crops alone. Another area that is causing concern in agricultural water management sustainability is the impact it is having on the habitat of wildlife in general. Agriculture has a deep impact on the water resources within watersheds. When wildlife habitats are converted into agricultural land the effects alter the diversion of water, through the use of pesticides and removal of plants/water etc. To sustain these habitats plant diversity and water sources in the agricultural surrounding areas should be maintained, this will support a diversity of wildlife. The sustainability of wildlife and agriculture go hand in hand, if a natural ecosystem is upheld in the surrounding areas it could provide a natural source of pest management. In a world that the population could reach 9 billion by 2050, demand must equal supply. The requirement for agricultural sustainability is fundamental for the future of the environment and human demand. An ongoing strategy must be implemented and upheld to conquer the issues that are present, this will help ensure demand is met but not adversely affecting wildlife or the environment in the process. Agricultures deep connections to the world economy, human societies and biodiversity make it one of the most important frontiers for conservation around the globe. (World Wildlife Fund 2015) Zoo management nationally and internationally The diagram above is a tree structure of coordination in zoo management. The following will describe each organization and outline their activities: CNN International Union for the Conservation of Nature or World Union for the Conservation Of Nature. The JINN is responsible for valuing and conserving nature, it also provides information to attempt to solve major sues in climate change, food and overall development. GAZA The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria is a community that ensures that its zoo members throughout Europe uphold the highest standard of care. This relates to breeding and protecting endangered species. PEP The European Endangered species Programmer has workers collecting vital information on endangered species. They present a plan to ensure the species are protected and are managed correctly in the future. ESP. The European StudBook keeps data on all births, deaths and transfers of animals in Europe. This data can be used to advise zoos on how to manage healthier environment if required. TAGS Taxonomic Action Groups advises on how captive rearing should be managed and what space should be allocated for each species, alongside conservation. PIZZA British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquaria is an organization that represents the zoo and aquaria community in Britain and Ireland, it provides a voice for its members. WAS -? World Association for Zoos and Aquaria encourages relationships between zoological gardens and aquariums with the intent of promoting the highest level animal welfare, it also represents both communities. ISIS International Species Information System is a medium for international sharing of knowledge of animal species in animal management and conservation. Sims Zoological Information Management Systems goal is to improve local care by promoting population health and international conservation. SPARKS Single Population Animal Records Keeping System analyzes, records and manages the animal data, usually its focus is a single species. ARKS Animal Record Keeping System collects key data on animals in zoos to provide a management inventory. Medusas Medical Animal Record Keeping System works with ARKS to link he animal inventory to medical records. This data can be used to provide medical care advice and when tests are required. Animal identification methods Identification method Animals the method can be used on Application Use Implications for the welfare of the animals Ringing/ banding Wild domesticated birds. Small, individually numbered/marked metal or plastic tags are put on to the leg or wing of the bird. To identify individual birds, to track bird migration population. Causes stress in the process of catching and ringing/banding. Ear tagging Domestic livestock: cattle, sheep, pigs goats. Two plastic or metal tags that have identical numbers are joined through animals ear. To identify individual animals, to record and trace their life since the moment they are born to their death. The procedure might cause stress and pain. Freeze branding Horses cattle. The iron is cooled to a temperature of between -160 to -ICC. The branding iron is then pressed onto a shaved patch of skin on the animal. Is manly used by farmers to identify animal ownership. Causes pain and stress. Marking is permanent. Ear punching Mainly rodents. Could be used on cats and dogs. Using a special punch to produce a small notch in the animals ear. To identify rodents. Mainly used in laboratories. Causes pain, stress and is permanent. The Microchip Cats, dogs rabbits. The Microchip is implanted under an animals skin. To identify lost pets or other animals. Can cause stress, pain and is Permanent. Chip might move under the skin. Identification collars Companion animals. The collar is placed around the neck with important contact information. To identify individual animals, helps to find the owners of lost animals. Can be easily lost. Can cause damage to the animal or suffocation. Acoustic tag Fish.

This is a OH&S and Risk Management subject. The assignment brief will

This is a OH&S and Risk Management subject. The brief will be send by file .pdf - Assignment Example This report includes a detailed description of the location and activities of the venue. It also identifies the pertinent legal requirement connected with the jurisdiction. Additionally, it asserts the macro, micro and management of risk context. The second section identifies analyses and evaluates risk connected with the trip (Hopkin, 2010). The risks are analyzed in terms of their location, people and physical environment. Subsequently, the report describes the risk control which includes the management level policy and guidelines needed to manage the risks utilizing options of risk treatment. This includes the prevention, risk reduction, removing and avoiding risk source. 1 2 Risk Context Statement The process outlines the risks that, in case an emergency occurs, would constitute a coordinated and significant response within the outlined procedures and guidelines. It contains the detailed activity and location description, relevant legal needs and the management context of macro, micro and risk (Risk management 2009). 2.1 Activity and Location Sydney Marathon will take place on Sunday 22nd September 2013. The participants will run for 42.195Km The event will start at 7:25am for wheelchairs and 7:30am for normal people. The start line cut off will be 7:40 am. For slower walkers, runners or joggers I will be crucial to be in their right group. The groups will be seeded in reference to their expected finish line. The final start group comprises of all the wheelchairs and Prams. The timing will not be interfered because the timing will record starting time and finishing time. This will allow the group to enjoy the event at their own pace and offer the best possible outcome. Various drink stations will be set up providing services such as water, toilet, elite drinks, GU, and Powerade. The marathon will be held at the Sydney International Regatta Centre. The marathon will celebrate the great outdoors, healthy lifestyle , and active communities. The marathon will c onsist of marathon, half-marathon. Family Fun Run and Lap the Lake. 2.2 Legal Requirements Sydney marathon has legal requirements in terms of age and distance of participation. The minimum age of the participants either 16 or 18 years of age. There will also be underage children ( those under 16 years). It is therefore recommended for the children to wait until they attain the required age. Although it is quite unknown on the implication of marathon to underage, the experts have recommended them waiting until they attain puberty. Most doctors recommend children to avoid long distance because of trauma and can lead to bone doings. When someone trains for a marathon, it is normally tough mentally and physically, exhausting and time consuming. Therefore, underage it is highly possible to affect someones priorities such as education. Before someone embarks on the long distance/marathon, it is suggested top run 10ks or even 4ks. Therefore, completing the race would be a major boost (Crou hy ,Galai & Mark, 2000). 3 Ages The age categories scheduled to attend the trip are limitless. Those under the age of 18years need the consent of their parents to attend the trip. The age categories scheduled for the trip will be grouped as 18-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 70-74, and 75+. The trip will offer the fitness device to those people falling

Researching gender and crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Researching gender and crime - Essay Example This paper, incidentally will be concerned with evaluating and giving a detailed analysis of the research in two stages: stage one will look into summarizing the entire research work while stage two will be on an evaluation of the research based on the methodology. Research in Criminology is often described as an investigation often conducted on any phenomenon that is linked to any or all existing aspects of the criminal justice system (Dantzker and Hunter, 2012).Therefore, any research that pertains to criminology should bear themes that pertain to criminal acts, the social justice, offenders, legal or illegal actions to mention but a few. In the article, the research was carried out on five male ex-offenders who attempted to give a description of their distinct experiences of life after prison; this in itself already qualifies the research with reference to its appropriateness in Criminology. There is also a need to understand that research in Criminology is often divided into two: applied research and basic research; in this particular research, applied research has been incorporated as it focuses on one particular issue, the ex-offenders’ status and how it impacts self and gives implications of the effects top foster change. To know if at all the research is valid; it is necessary to contextualize how it was conducted in light of how criminological research should be carried out. To begin with, the research problem is clearly defined in terms of what the study intends to look into which are the experiences that the ex-prisoners go through after leaving prison specifically in terms of employment, self-change and identity. Objectives in research are detrimental as they give the researcher a sense of direction; in the study the objective is captured under the purpose of study, which is to understand the experience of

My Ethnic Group Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Ethnic Group - Assignment Example But one can see that the second or third generation of the Hispanics shows keen interest to socialize with other races. Besides, almost all the Hispanics show the keen interest of life in urban areas. One can see that culture is considered as most important in exile life. This is absolutely true about the Hispanic group from the Caribbean islands. We are Hispanics, basically from the city of Santiago, situated in the Dominican Republic. Our family consists of father (Victor), mother (Elida), elder brother (Jarion), younger brother (Victor Jr.) and myself. As we are away from our motherland, we used to keep close relation with each other. For instance, we were forced to move to Puerto Rico but close relationship with our family helped us to enjoy our life without further problems. Besides, shifting our family from Santiago did not affect the education of younger members of our family. One can see that immigration to a new nation helps the younger generation to grab new opportunities in life. For instance, our family decided to immigrate to America. So, we happened to reach Boston, Massachusetts. Besides, my family gave much more importance to education and career opportunities in America. Our family settled in South End, Massachusetts and I joined Charlestown High School. The scope of education and career opportunities for Hispanics in America is high. For instance, I graduated from Brighton High School and joined Massachusetts Bay Community College for higher studies. So, one can see that immigration helped our family a lot to grab opportunities in the American society. Apart from some initial adjustment problems, our family faced fewer problems related to prejudice, segregation or racism. As pointed out earlier, the multicultural characteristics of American society accepted us to its core. One can see that racial and ethnic diversity in American society is most helpful for immigrants from different parts of the world.

Issues with Business-to-consumer E-commerce

Issues with Business-to-consumer E-commerce Introduction: The long-term prosperity of business-to-consumer e-commerce depends upon the existence of consumers confidence and the availability of adequate supporting legal framework with effective means of enforcement. Because of the technological development e-commerce industry is growing with enormous speed. Majority of consumers prefer to buy products online and make electronic transactions with companies situated outside their national boundaries. The expansive use of e-commerce and the existence of complex legal framework necessitate that efforts should be made to introduce new means of enforcing Business to Consumer e-contracts and disputes resolution across state borders. This research work will mainly concentrate upon the existing issues in enforcing business to consumer e-contracts across national borders. These include the issue of jurisdiction, the issue of applicable law and the issue of enforcement. Furthermore it will evaluate thoroughly the need for new means of disputes resolution in cross border B2C e-commerce transactions. It will further assess the potentials of B2C e-commerce disputes resolution through internal complaint handling mechanism and direct contact with business. It will also evaluate the Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms, such as facilitative ADR, Advisory ADR, Determinative ADR, Combined ADR etc and will recommend how these forms of disputes resolution can be effectively implemented on national level and to be of binding nature. basic principle such as equality, fair treatment, affordability, Awareness about the ADR principles, accessibility to ADR mechanism, finality and rapidness of ADR process, and objectives of ADR. The research work will further analyse the concept of ADR in legal perspective and will suggest that what efforts should be made on international, regional and national level to promote the use and development of ADR, particularly in disputes arising out of cross-border transactions. It will take into consideration various legislative and other legal instruments i.e. European Union Directive on Electronic Commerce, OECD E-commerce Guidelines, European Commission Recommendations 1998, European Commission Recommendations 2001, International Chamber of Commerce best practices, ADR Guidelines 2003, International Consumer groups and International Businesses groups, and EEJ-NET etc and will suggest if necessary amendments are needed. The research work will also focus on the current obstacles in the expansion of ADR mechanism, such as unawareness of businesses and consumers of ADR process and its benefits, Lack of trained and educated specialist in dispute resolution, cultural and linguistic issues Due to cross-border nature of e-commerce, and jurisdictional and procedural issues resulting from the multi-national nature of e-commerce etc. Moreover this research will propose certain recommendations that how the current obstacles may be removed to paved a way for an effective dispute resolution system, compatible with the need of time, such as making of legislation on international, regional and national level to determine the issue of jurisdiction, applicable law and enforcement of judgement, making efforts by the governments to create awareness and educate people about the effective means of enforcing their rights and resolving disputes, the creation of independent bodies and institutions on international, regional and national level to deal with e-contracts enforcement and disputes resolution, the encouragement of both traditional and modern mechanisms of disputes resolution, the availability of internal complaint handling department in every business etc. Aim and objectives: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the existing issues in cross-border Business-to-Consumers ecommerce transactions. Specifically the research focuses on judicial obstacles, such as the issue of jurisdiction, applicable law, and enforcement. This study further suggests that what could be the best alternatives to address these issues and increase consumers confidence in online shopping. Hypothesis: According to my hypothesis the following are the main issues inherent in resolving business-to-consumers cross-borders ecommerce disputes. Issue of jurisdiction: The first and the most important issue in B2C ecommerce dispute is the issue of Jurisdiction. When a consumer in one country purchase a product online in another country and subsequently a dispute arises between the parties and consumer wants to seek judicial remedy, than in such case a question arises that which court is having territorial jurisdiction to entertain the matter. Applicable law: The matter of applicable law in ecommerce is another considerable issue. It is very difficult to determine that under which legal system or under what law the matter should be dealt with. Issue of enforcement: The issue of enforcement also needs to be addressed. In resolving business-to-consumers ecommerce dispute it is unclear that how and where the judgement may be enforced. Literature review: Literature review literally means a review of whatever has already been written by different scholars about the existing research topic, and than to demonstrate that the existing research is deficient and needs some supplementing. In todays advance technology the use of ecommerce is increasing. â€Å"Between 2004 and 2008, in EU the use of shopping through internet increased from 22% to 34%. In the UK in 2008, 57% consumers did online shopping, in Germany, Denmark and Netherlands the figure remained above 50%. In Estonia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy and Portugal the figure was respectively 10%, while in Romania and Bulgaria it was about 4%†. Although e-commerce is increasing at national level, it is still comparatively unusual for consumers to participate in cross-borders transactions. Consequently the gape between interstate and cross-border e-commerce is expanding. From 2006 to 2008, in EU the figure of online consumers increased from 27% to 33% while cross-border e-commerce remained still at 6% to 7%. On national level â€Å"laws that apply to traditional or off line commerce apply equally in an electronic environment. For instance laws governing business incorporation, registration, taxation, consumer protection, deceptive advertising, product safety and standards, criminal code, inter-provincial trade treaties, intellectual property and liability apply on the internet†. But when the matter goes beyond the territorial boundaries and involves another state than the situation changes completely and gives rise to uncertainty and ambiguity. In an ordinary civil matter the territorial jurisdiction of civil court may be determined on three factors i.e. where the parties reside, where the cause of action arises or where the property is situated. But when any dispute arises out of any electronic transaction that takes place across national borders, the first question arises that which court is having jurisdiction to entertain the matter. So it is very difficult to decide the jurisdiction and competency of the court. For instance, it is if an issue arises out of cross-border e-commerce transaction and the consumer wants to seek judicial remedy than in that case whether the court of consumers country will entertain the matter or it will come under the territorial jurisdiction of the court where the business is situated. According to Scott Cooper, â€Å"in resolving cross-border complaints it is very difficult to determine the matter of jurisdiction. Consumers are confident to resort to the courts of the countries where the businesses are based and in return the businesses will not be keen regarding trans-border transactions that could subject them to the reach of every country where there online customers resides†. Scott Cooper further states that â€Å"different levels have been established by different governments to protect and enforce consumer rights, but there are no international documents or agreements to determine the fact that which country is having jurisdiction to deal with cross-border B2C dispute†. Furthermore it is also very difficult to determine that under which legal system or under what law the matter should be resolved. There is no apparent legislation to conclude that whether the law of consumers state will apply or the matter should be governed by the law of the state where the business is based or it should be dealt with by an international legal system on uniform basis irrespective of geographic location. Similarly it is also unclear that how and where the judgement regarding the subject matter may be enforced. According to Chin Eang Ong â€Å"in a traditional marketplace, consumers knows means of enforcing their rights, but in electronic marketplace in an online transaction, delegating liability and providing access for redress might be a problem for consumers. A transaction is curable when it takes place within a single jurisdiction i.e. access to local court, but e-commerce is borderless and recourse to courts in any cross-border electronic transaction is complicated by difficulty jurisdiction over such dispute and the applicable law†. According to Mohamed S. Wahab because of technological advancement transactions are taking place in an online environment across national borders, where disputes are inevitable. Some of these disputes are unique to the e-commerce environment. Therefore it needs an effective mechanism of dispute resolution. Keeping in view the existing obstacles in resolving business-to-consumer cross-border e-commerce disputes resolution it is inevitable to consider substitute means to protect the rights of the parties and encourage them to participate in cross-border e-commerce. Some international and regional organizations have proposed that cross-border e-commerce disputes should be resolved through internal complaint system. For instance â€Å"the OECD ecommerce guidelines†, â€Å"the UN guidelines†, and â€Å"the Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation Voluntary Online Consumer Protection guidelines† recommend the establishment of fair, effective and transparent internal mechanisms for businesses and consumers representatives in order to address consumer complaints and resolve their queries in fair and timely manner without imposing undue burden or cost upon consumers. When dispute between the parties can not be resolved through internal complaint handling mechanism than the parties should be given access to Alternative Dispute Resolution, as it can offer timely, efficient and cost-effective instrument to resolve cross-border disputes. Alternative Disputes Resolution is a mechanism other than judicial determination, whereby disputes are resolved through the medium of impartial third party by adopting different ways and means. When ADR takes place through internet than it is called Online Disputes Resolution. There is an extensive choice of ADR mechanisms. The most commonly used mechanisms are â€Å"arbitration†, â€Å"mediation† and â€Å"negotiation†. National Alternative Dispute Resolution Advisory Council (NADRAC) uses the term ADR in a broader sense. According to NADRAC submission â€Å"ADR mechanisms is consist of facilitative ADR, advisory ADR, determinative ADR, and some time the combination of these mechanisms†. According to UN report, the main challenge in e-commerce industry is how to resolve cross-border e-commerce disputes. Traditional methods of resolving disputes may not provide an efficient and effective remedy; therefore there is a need for considering alternative means that would provide speedy and cost efficient redress to the parties. Dr. Moira Patterson has adopted the same view. She states that there are two issues involved in e-commerce i.e. which law should govern cross-border transaction and that such transactions should either be subjected to national laws or should be dealt with by international instruments. In such circumstances Alternative Disputes Resolution offers a cost-effective and speedy solution through the medium of third party. According to Lilian Edwards and Caroline Wilson, â€Å"Online Dispute resolution introduces very powerful and efficient tools for dispute resolution and increases access to redress mechanisms. ODR is an efficient, fast, and cheap way of dispute resolution, Court costs are beyond the means of most consumers and takes twenty to thirty months, while ODR process may take few hours or days†. To look at the concept of Alternative Disputes Resolution in legal perspective, efforts have been made on international, regional and national level to encourage the use and development of Alternative Dispute Resolution, particularly in disputes arising out of cross-border transactions. But they do not have any binding effects. It is a discretionary option for the states to apply and adopt them in their national laws. For instance, Art 17 of the EU Directive on Electronic Commerce deals with out-of-court dispute settlement. â€Å"The Article imposes responsibility upon member states to support those bodies that are responsible for out-of-court disputes settlement of consumer to operate in a way which provides sufficient practical guarantees for the concerned parties. And that the member states shall ensure that their legislation does not obstruct the use of out-of-court methods, accessible under the state law, for dispute settlement†. According to OECD E-commerce Guidelines, â€Å"consumers should be given access to fair and timely ADR and remedy without undue cost or burden. And that Businesses, consumer representatives and governments should work jointly to continue to use and develop just, efficient, and transparent self-regulatory and other strategies and measures, including ADR mechanisms, to address consumer complaints and resolve their disputes arising out of Business-to-consumer electronic commerce in cross-border transactions†. Similarly the European Commission issued recommendations in 1998 which prescribes principles of independence, transparency, adversarial proceedings, effectiveness, legality, liberty, and representation for out-of-court consumers disputes settlement. Furthermore â€Å"Recommendations issued by European Commission in 2001 governs out-of-court procedures which lead to a settlement between the parties by common consent. It prescribes four principles i.e. impartiality, transparency, effectiveness, and fairness of procedure in-order to encourage consumers confidence in e-commerce and to ensure easy access to practical, effective, and inexpensive means of redress†. Moreover the International Chamber of Commerce has issued best practices for ODR. It provides guidance for online businesses and for ODR providers. It encourages businesses to resolve consumer disputes through the medium of Online Disputes Resolution mechanism when the matter can not be resolved internally. ADR Guidelines 2003 agreed between Consumers International and the Global Business Dialogue on Electronic Commerce. â€Å"These guidelines prescribe recommendations for ADR providers on impartiality and qualification of personnel, accessibility and convenience, speed, cost, transparency, representation, applicable rules and consumer awareness. It also recommends to governments to address international rules on jurisdiction and applicable law and to adopt different measures to promote increased use and development of ADR†. Methodology: In research methodology I will pursue triangulation method by adopting both quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative (interviews) research methodologies. The main reason behind using various methods of research is that â€Å"it facilitates the validation of data through cross verification from more than two sources. In particular it refers to the application and combination of several research methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon†. Sampling: In selecting my respondents I will use both probability sampling method and non-probability sampling method. In probability sampling method I will choose my respondents from a list of potential people that I will use for primary data collection. Such list will be obtained from an existing database of a research organization such as IPSOS MORI. In non-probability sampling method I will question or interview any one who is available. This method is very quick and cost efficient. Method of data collection: For collecting primary data I will use two methods, which are questionnaire and interviews. I will also consult a research organization such as IPSOS MORI, for collecting data for my research work. Questionnaire: For collecting data through questionnaires first of all I will select my target group to be examined through questionnaire. For this purpose I will adopt probability and non-probability sampling methods as mentioned above in sampling section. For questionnaire distribution I will use three methods i.e. sending emails, using postal services and onsite distribution by going to particular places i.e. supermarkets, travel centres to distribute the questions among randomly selected individuals. I will also get in touch with various businesses that are involved in cross borders E-commerce and will analyse their procedure for resolving B2C E-commerce disputes through the medium of questionnaire and conducting interviews. In current research work I have conducted a pilot research to make sure that the questions that will be asked in my actual dissertation are answerable and that the methods that will be used are workable in practical sense. I have distributed 50 questionnaires among the students in Bradford College. The response of the participants was very high and positive. The questions used in questionnaires were quite simple, which I will improve further by making amendments and improvements in my dissertation stage. A sample of questionnaire is attached at the end of this research proposal in appendix 1. Interviews: Interview is the most popular technique of qualitative research. It is very useful because of its flexibility, both in terms of content and time and can be tailored to suit the research questions, respondents, and the researchers own life style much more effectively. The use of interview can help the researcher to gather valid and reliable data that are relevant to the research question and objectives. For collecting data I will use face-to-face interviews, as it is a useful method of data collection and is used by most of the researchers because body language and emotions of the participant can also be studied which is a fundamental factor for a qualitative researcher. I will also use phone interviews and e-mail interviews. Interview will be semi structured and unstructured, and the questions may either be already prepared on a peace of paper or they may be generated during the interview process. There will be in-depth interviews with the participants in order to collect as much information as possible regarding the research topic. If the participants are having any difficulty in understanding the questions I will clarify and explain the question. I can also use opinion poll method to find out public opinion, by making a random selection from the general public. In my current research proposal I have interviewed 15 people in order to check the response and effectiveness of conducting interviews. The response I got from the participants was high but the result obtained from interviews was different from questionnaire although the interview questions were almost similar to the questionnaires. In order to get similar results I will make changes in interview questions to improve the quality and response rate and to make it more attractive for the respondents. A summary of interviews is attached at the end of this proposal in appendix 2. Secondary Data: I will also use secondary data in my research work. In order to conduct my research work effectively I will use different library services to access books, scholarly articles, journals and magazines relating to the research topic. For collecting relevant data I will use internet to access online libraries, electronic books and other online materials. I will also make efforts to study case law in the field of E-commerce to find out that how the courts deal with the matters and to look at the courts procedure about resolving e-commerce disputes and will compare them with out of court settlement methods. Data analysis: Data analysis is a continuous procedure during the whole research. The analysis starts from the point where the researcher and the participants are in close relation for the first time during a research process. For data analysis previous knowledge and experience of the researcher is of vital importance in order to get effective results. Data analysis is an important part of the research, where the researcher prepares the data for analysis. Once a data is analysed it is interpreted and than converted into a final report. The traditional methods of data analysis are now replaced by computer software available in the market. As I have selected questionnaire and interview as my primary data collection process, therefore the questionnaire and interview questions will be prepared in such manners that the acquired result obtained from them is valid and reliable, so that the same results can be gained when the research is repeated subsequently. Triangulation method is used in this research methodology because the data collected can be compared from different angles to get the accurate results for the research. Conclusion: After a detailed study of e-commerce and the existence of certain problems i.e. problem of jurisdiction, applicable law and enforcement of judgement, it is therefore apparent and inevitable for building up consumers confidence and e-commerce development that new means of enforcing B2C e-contracts should be adopted. As obvious from the literature review there are no uniform legal principles and legislation on international, regional and national level regulating disputes arising out of e-commerce transaction that takes place across state-borders. There are no binding principles to compel the parties to perform their part of obligation. Similarly literature review further indicates that efforts have been made by different governments and organizations to escalate the problem of enforcing B2C e-contracts and to resolve disputes that arising out of cross-border transaction, but they are only guidelines and voluntary principles of non-binding nature. Although new means of enforcing B2C e-contracts and disputes resolution across state borders are in practice i.e. ADR/ODR, but there are a number of obstacles in developing these mechanisms, such as non-awareness of consumers about ADR, non-availability of independent ADR practitioners, linguistic and cultural differences, distance between the parties. All these barriers need proper and positive response from governments, different organizations and private sector. New ways and means need to be introduce in order to increase consumers confidence in cross-border e-commerce because traditional means of dispute resolution such as court proceedings and other administrative actions are very expensive and time consuming, particularly in small value claims. Therefore it can be concluded that to resolve cross-borders e-commerce disputes it is inevitable to adopt, strengthen and support new means of disputes resolution on international, regional and national level to provide an effective, timely and cost-effective system to build up consumers confidence and develop e-commerce. References Lee, N., Lings, I. (2008) Doing Business Research, A Guide to Theory and Practice. SAGE Publications, 2008, p80 Commission Of The European Communities, Report on cross-border e-commerce in the EU, Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 5.3.2009, SEC(2009) 283 final, p5 Commission Of The European Communities, Report on cross-border e-commerce in the EU, Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 5.3.2009, SEC(2009) 283 final, p6 Key e-commerce Regulatory Issues, An EBC Guide to Taxation, Security and Privacy, E-export and Legal Issues Commission Of The European Communities, Report on cross-border e-commerce in the EU, Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 5.3.2009, SEC(2009) 283 final, p5 Commission Of The European Communities, Report on cross-border e-commerce in the EU, Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 5.3.2009, SEC(2009) 283 final, p5 Ong, C.E. (2003) B2C E-commerce Trust in Redress Mechanism (Cross Border Issue) Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia A new Dawn for dispute resolution, the Global Information Society and online dispute resolution, 9/21/2006, Muhammad S. Wahab OECD Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (1999) United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection, United Nations New York, 2003 Asian-pacific, Advancing Free Trade for Asia-pacific Prosperity, Economic Cooperation, Electronic Commerce Steering Group The term Arbitration refers to a process or a legal technique whereby a dispute is resolved outside the court through the medium of arbitrators. This mechanism is very useful in resolving disputes arising out of international commercial transaction. Mediation is a process whereby an impartial third party facilitates communication between consumer and business. Mediator tries to enable the parties to reach a settlement. Negotiation is an interaction of influences. It includes the process of resolving disputes, agreeing upon courses of action, bargaining for collective or individual advantage, or crafting outcomes to satisfy various interests. Submission on ADR in e-commerce, by National Alternative Disputes Resolution Advisory Council, p2 E-commerce and Development Report, 2003, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Internet edition prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2003, UNCTAD/SIDTE/ECB/2003/1 Dr. Patterson, M. (2001) An Australian Free Trade Agreement- Opportunities Challenges, Hyatt Hotel, Canberra, Session 4b, Infoeconomy issue, E-commerce Law, Law School Monash University Edward, L., Wilson, C. (2006) Redress Alternative Dispute Resolution in Cross-Border E-commerce Transactions, Briefing Note, IP/A/IMCO/IC/2006-206, p3 Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of June 2000, on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the internal market (Directive on electronic commerce), Article 17 OECD Guidelines for consumer protection in the context of electronic commerce, p 18 98/257/EC: Commission Recommendation of 30 March 1998 on the principles applicable to the bodies responsible for out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes, official journal of European Communities Commission Recommendations of 4 April 2001 on the principles for out-of-court bodies involving in the consensual resolution of consumer disputes, Official Journal of European Communities ICC best practices for Online Disputes Resolution for B2C and C2C transactions, Department of policy and business practices, commission on e-Business, IT and Telecom Alternative Dispute Resolution Guidelines, May, 2003, Agreement reached between Consumers International and the Global Business Dialogue on Electronic Commerce Bogdan, R.C. Biklen, S.K. (2006) Qualitative Research in Education: An introduction to theory and methods, Allyn Bacon Lee, N., Lings I. (2008) Doing Business Research, A Guide to Theory and Practice, SAGE Publications, p 217 aunders, M et al. (2007) Research Methods for Business Students, Prentice Hall, 4th Edition, p310