Landmines Essay examples -- Research Paper Violence Papers

LandminesOn a beautiful, sunny morning in November 1994, an 11-year-old girl set out in search of firewood. Her grandmother had modify her, warning that if she returned empty handed, there would be no food that day. Pausing under a shady tree, Amelia looked up and wondered if there was any way she could reach only those branches. Testing the possibility, she jumped. She missed the branches, exclusively when she landed, there was a loud crack, like a lightning bolt. Amelia was immediately thrown back up into the air. She tumbled to the ground and passed out. It is very wakeless for Amelia to remember when she regained consciousness. People can usually remember the first face they see, but Amelia would never see again. She remembers feeling wet, drenched in her own blood, and comprehend the voice of her grandmother -- praying between sobs. Most of all, she remembers the excruciating pain. Amelia lost her left leg, most of the fingers of her left hand and her eyesight. The account goes on to speak of her drive to live, but she cannot help wondering what is to become of her in a society that survives on physical labor. Despite her strong will, she knows she will always be a weight down to her family, someone who eats but does not work. Amelia fell victim to an anti-personnel landmine, a silent killer hidden in the grass 1. Amelia is by no elbow room alone. Every month over 2,000 people are killed or maimed by mine explosions 2. Most are civilians killed or injured long subsequently hostilities have come to an end. The toll comes not only in human life, however. Also crippled by widespread use of landmines are the fragile economies of destroyed nations. The devastation continues for decades, long after all the battles have ended and all the soldiers h... ...pidemic of Landmine Injuries. (Geneva ICRC, 1995). 5. Jody Williams. Landmines and Measures to Eliminate Them. (Geneva ICRC, 1995). 6. International Committee of the red Cross. Report of the Internation al Committee of the Red Cross for the Review Conference of the 1980 United Nations Convention on Prohibition or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects. (Geneva ICRC, 1995). 7. Louise Doswald-Beck, Peter Herby, Johanne Dorais Slakmon. Basic Facts The Human Cost of Landmines. (Geneva ICRC, 1995). 8. Physicians for Human Rights. Landmines A Deadly Legacy. (New York Human Rights Watch, 1993). 9. United States department of State. Hidden Killers The Global Problem with Uncleared Landmines. (Washington DC Department of State Publications, 1993).

why parrot repeat :: essays research papers

Why Parrots RepeatA long, long time ago out front human even roamed the earth animals here alone. There were all different types of them, from big to small, fat to skinny and brave to cowardly. There were also groups of animals, based upon thither personalities serious like us today. The way that you look made no difference, just the way you acted. For example, the lions were very brave and loyal and the turtles were cowardly and shy. Then in that location were the parrots. They were also like the turtles because they were cowardly however not shy. They love to make fun of others. They had huge mouths. Every time they could insult one of their partner animals they would. In this one incidence the warthogs we just minding their own business while playing soccer out in the fields (the warthogs were a sort of uneducated animal, but nice at the same time, as long as you were kind to them they would do anything for you). They parrots saw them playing as they were and immediately st arted to make fun of them. They called them name calling like fatty and slowpoke. This upset the warthogs so much that they went to the mammoth, the king animals, and told him what the parrots had done. So at the next town meeting the mammoth talked to the parrots about their behavior towards their fellow animals. The mammoth said Parrots why must you be so cruel to all of the animals? all the parrots did was laugh and then told the mammoth to take it easy because they were just having a little fun. Then the mammoth replied back quickly and said that next time they insulted their fellow animals that he would go straight to Zaron, the god of all the animals. The parrots could only imagine what would happen to them if Zaron found out about this, because all knew about he was the same god would made the flies attracted to feces. After interview this they seemed to be afraid. The parrots held back their comments for a while but eventually it came back out. On one rainy day the sloths w ere trying to get to there homes as fast as they could but we know that it would take them a while. Even when all the other animals were safely in there homes the sloths palliate had miles to go before they could get dry.

Henry V :: Chorus

In Henry V, the chorus line informs us before each act what happens and where the action takes place, notifies us if the play skips oer certain periods of time. However, one of his main goals is to compensate for what the staging is unable to achieve, ask the audience to use their imagination, and try to see what good dealnot be shown on stage. If we read this speech, we can observe that everything the Chorus tells us can actually be summarized in a few sentences (The English fleet sails from Southampton and the siege of Harfleur begins by the English army. The ambassador returns with an offer from the French King the hand of his daughter Katharine, with some dukedoms of little importance. The offer is rejected, and the the siege goes on). However, the importance of the speech lies in something different- the approach and literary techniques (language, style, tone) that Chorus uses to arouse our attention, suspend our disbelief and stimulate us to use our im agination. The Chorus does so very intelligently in its use of verbs as in Suppose (Henry V, Act 3, scene 1, line 3), Play (7), behold (7), Hear (9), etc. Such phrasing gives enormous energy to the speech and we heart encouraged to take part in the play and make the most out of it. The style is adjectival, as in the following line With silken streamers the adolescent Phoebus fanning. (6) Imaginative, as when the Chorus compares ships at sea to A city on thinconstant billows dancing (15). The speech also contributes to the heroic tone of the establish which is highly patriotic and celebratory, and which, together with a lot of hyperbolic words, leads to creating an epic, exaggerated and almost mythical view of the whole military operation Work, work your thoughts, and in that see a siege behold the ordnance on their carriages, with fatal mouths gaping on girded Harfleur. (25-27). The ordnance on the carriages are compared to fatal mouths that turn towards Harfleur as the English army starts its siege of this French city. The description of these mouths that gape at Harfleur certainly help to exaggerate the power of Henrys army. Henrys fleet is described as majestical. (16). The Chorus is keen to present the fleet as being powerful and numerous so as to exaggerate the military power of Henry.

Fantasy and Dream work in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari Essay -- Cabinet

Fantasy and Dream civilize in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari The silent expressionist film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari exposes psychological wickedness and insanity through the main characters fantasies and delusions. This character, Francis, brings the viewer into a nightmarish world through his story-telling. He recounts the story of the mad Dr. Caligari and the somnambulist Cesare who is under his control. The doctors arrival in Francis hometown results in a string of murders, the death of his best friend Alan and the kidnapping of his beloved fiance Jane. Francis tells this story as if it were true, but in the end he is revealed as a patient in a mental hospital. The film does not confirm whether Francis story is reality, but Freudian theory suggests that this story is a wish fulfillment. Francis neurotic mind created and mistook this legerdemain for reality in order to displace the guilt over his friends death by means of dream work and displacing his guilt onto the somnam bulist Cesare. Neurosis is characterized by a retreat into ones imagination and alienation from reality. According to Freudian theory, this is also typified by believing a fantasy to be the truth. Neurotics turn away from reality because they find it unbearable the most extreme type of this turning away from reality is shown by certain cases of hallucinatory psychosis which seek to deny the particular event that occasioned the outbreak of their insanity (Freud, 301). In this passage, Freud describes the psychological techniques that a neurotic mind uses in order to cope with a traumatic event. Instead of coming to terms with their trauma, the mind will alter the events and shape them around a delusion in order to produce a more pleasing conc... ...ing fantasy. In addition, Dr. Caligari and Cesare are not real people they are fragments of Francis psyche and serve the purpose of objects onto which the blame is displaced. The films uncertain ending leaves the validity of Franc is story unknown because his illness is not explicitly confirmed. However, Freudian theory clarifies this uncertainty by showing that Francis has fantasized the entire story to retaliate his guilty mind. Bibliography The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. Dir. Robert Wiene. Perf. Werner Krauss, Friedrich Feher, and Condrad Veidt. Decla-Bioscop AD, 1920. Freud, Sigmund. The Freud Reader. Ed. Peter Gay. New York W.W. & Norton. ---. Writings on Art and Literature. Ed. Niel Harz. Janowitz, Hans, and Mayer, Carl. The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. (1920). http//www.cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/scr/caligari.txt

Great :: Essays Papers

Great1.I believe that to seize the day means to suck all the total out of life. You must grab every opportunity life gives you and make the best of it. Dont just stop and smell the roses, you have to prove the roses, feel the roses, and be the roses That is the difference between seizing the day and seizing the opportunity. The opportunity entrust some cartridge clips seize you, tho you must seize the day. It will never seize you. This is what seize the day meant to Thoreau. 2.To live deliberately is to simplify. What you must do is tactile property for the bare necessities, those simple bare necessities. Youve got to forget about your worries and your strife. If you look for the bare necessities, Old Mother Natures recipes, then the bare necessities of life will come to you.3.Robert Frost wrote Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and I-I took the unrivaled less traveled by-and that has made all the difference. Sitting here writing this I can think of only one thing t he HOV lane on I-85 Southbound. As I watch the fools in the a good deal traveled lanes I fight to contain my glee. My lane, the one less traveled, is such(prenominal) less crowded. I can go ten miles in my lane in the time it takes others to go one. I have been able to sleep much later since the opening of the lane, and that has made all the difference. I have more energy, the rings around my eyes are gone, I even have time to eat a nice breakfast, Im less irritable, and I get more homework done. That my friends has made all the difference.4.Find your own walk. Well, yes I suppose I could, but wouldnt it be easier if I just borrowed one of yours. I mean, what does it really mean to find your own walk? allow you must find your own walk to be your own individual, but its just so hard. Sure Id be happier and fulfilled, but happiness is highly overrated. No, I think Ill march to that big drum in the sky. Ill march along as it whispers into my ear left, rightly, left, rightYes, I thi nk thats what Ill do.5.Make your lives extraordinary. We must take our lives, our mundane little lives, and live them.

Great :: Essays Papers

Great1.I believe that to seize the day means to suck all the aggregate out of life. You must grab every opportunity life gives you and make the best of it. Dont just stop and smell the roses, you have to relish the roses, feel the roses, and be the roses That is the difference between seizing the day and seizing the opportunity. The opportunity will some prison terms seize you, just now you must seize the day. It will never seize you. This is what seize the day meant to Thoreau. 2.To live deliberately is to simplify. What you must do is tactile sensation for the bare necessities, those simple bare necessities. Youve got to forget about your worries and your strife. If you look for the bare necessities, Old Mother Natures recipes, then the bare necessities of life will come to you.3.Robert Frost wrote Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and I-I took the wiz less traveled by-and that has made all the difference. Sitting here writing this I can think of only one thing the HOV lane on I-85 Southbound. As I watch the fools in the untold traveled lanes I fight to contain my glee. My lane, the one less traveled, is oft less crowded. I can go ten miles in my lane in the time it takes others to go one. I have been able to sleep much later since the opening of the lane, and that has made all the difference. I have more energy, the rings around my eyes are gone, I even have time to eat a nice breakfast, Im less irritable, and I get more homework done. That my friends has made all the difference.4.Find your own walk. Well, yes I suppose I could, but wouldnt it be easier if I just borrowed one of yours. I mean, what does it really mean to find your own walk? given(p) you must find your own walk to be your own individual, but its just so hard. Sure Id be happier and fulfilled, but happiness is highly overrated. No, I think Ill march to that big drum in the sky. Ill march along as it whispers into my ear left, discipline, left, rightYes, I think thats what Ill do.5.Make your lives extraordinary. We must take our lives, our mundane little lives, and live them.

The Roaring Dragon Hotel

Introduction According to Grainger (2008), The manna from heaven Dragon Hotel is unrivalled of the three start hotels in south-west China and it is a defer owned enterprise (p.1).Background Potential of the Roaring Dragon Hotel is not recognized and provisional government decides that Roaring Dragon Hotel requires modernization (Grainger, 2008). According to Grainger (2008), The organizational civilization was relaxed with many employees managing to find time to read newspapers, drink tea and some managers even conducting private business and leaving the premises during working hours(p.1).Problem According to Grainger (2008), The quarrel was to transform a large group of relaxed family based employees, working under an ad-hoc management style, into a professional group of dynamic employees operating within a structured international organizational culture(p.2). There are huge modifications in Roaring Dragon Hotels organizational culture and number one guanxi holder is going to w ork with opposite competitor (Grainger, 2008).Opportunity The contract between Chinese provincial governments and Hotel international would have been worked if all the problems have been solved and Roaring Dragon Hotel can be named as Hotel International Roaring Dragon Hotel (Grainger, 2008).Recommendations According to FakhrElDin (2011), Cultural Intelligence is very important to any multinational attach to and it is a significant factor for employee in the international hotel, training to improve Culture intelligence is needed in this sector. Internal communication is the first birth to organization and for strong relationship they should be assigned with rules and responsibilities (Abdullah & Antony, 2012).Conclusion Organizational culture and relationship between international manager and employees is important.

Explaining the Mysteries in the Story “Lucky” by Viet Dinh Essay

Viet Dinhs short story is ab emerge the change in relationship between a man and his Aunt and Uncle. Jae, the main character in the story used to like his Uncle Sung and Aunt Kwi better than his declare parents but suddenly had a change of heart because of an incident he experienced. Jae had been working in his Uncle Sungs store when it was robbed one day. The robber drop a gun against Jaes temple and demanded for cash. Although the robber had acquired the contents of the cash register, he also demanded Uncle Sungs wallet, threatening to put a crush in Jaes head.While Jae had been terrified with his current situation, fearing for his life, Uncle Sung acted as if his nephew were non in a flagitious situation, refusing to surrender his wallet. In the end, Uncle Sung bribed Jae $20 for his silence. Despite of his Uncle Sungs request for him to keep silent, Jae told his Aunt Kwi what historically happened during the incident hoping to get the sympathy of his Aunt. To Jaes diswhitet horn, Aunt Kwi also requested for his silence. Jae was scarcely 12 years old during the incident.While Jaes change of heart in his relationship with his Aunt and Uncle is understandable, there are some mysteries in the story. First, why would Uncle Sung and Aunt Kwi non want Jae to tell others what really happened during the robbery? What would Uncle Sung accomplish or get by non telling the the true or by reinventing the story? Certainly, Uncle Sung has nothing to do with the full incident and he was a victim as much as Jae was. Second, why were Uncle Sung and Aunt Kwi still mad at Jae 16 years afterward the robbery incident when it did not really did them any harm whether Jae told the real story or not?As a matter of fact, they were the ones who should be sorry for what they did to their nephew. Third, Jaes feelings towards his Aunt and Uncle were not really resolved. The answers to these questions were not very put one over from the story but I will attempt to find the log ic behind such actions by the characters. The answer to the setoff mystery may be found in Uncle Sungs sense of adventure. At the beginning of the story, Jae, who was also the narrator, related how Uncle Sung died. Uncle Sung, with all his profit from his businesses, was able to buy different cars, all of them built for speed.Uncle Sung died while driving one of these sports cars, where he evidently lost control, probably racing on a freeway. Jae held that he ceaselessly felt danger around Uncle Sung. Uncle Sungs sense of adventure was apparent during the robbery by keeping his cool despite the presence of life-threatening danger that he bragged about it in a get-together after the robbery. He even rebuked Jae for acting cowardly during the whole incident while leaving out the beta part that Jea had been held captive.The first mystery could also be solved by Uncle Sungs greediness with specie. It was apparent during the robbery incident that cash was more important for Uncle Sung than the lives of his workers, especially of Jae who was held captive by the robber, imposing a real threat to his life. Although, the robber was demanding for his wallet, Uncle Sung acted as if he did not care about Jaes life hanging in the balance. He told the robber that he did not have his wallet at the moment although he had it in his pocket all along.Although Jae ended up keeping his life, Uncle Sung refused to give the robber his wallet in exchange for Jaes life. That Uncle Sung held his funds more important than anything else is shown also by his attitude regarding money. By bribing Jae, he hoped to buy Jaes silence, and by giving a large sum of money during Jaes wedding, he hoped to appease Jae. Uncle Sung regarded money so much as to think he could buy people with it, as through the locution of their silence or approval.Note that this attitude of Uncle Sung works in tandem with his being adventurous to solve the first mystery. By asking Jae to be silent, Uncle Sung hoped the approval of those who heard his version of the incident, that he would gain their admiration by keeping his cool despite the terrifying incident. To fully accomplish this, but, it was important for him to leave out the part that he put Jaes life on the line, which also saved him hard-earned money in his wallet. Having found the answer to the first mystery, the solution to the import becomes apparent.Uncle Sung and Aunt Kwi were still mad at Jae because they held honor an important aspect, even though this honor was not rightfully earned. clear-sighted the real story of what happened during the robbery and his apparent refusal to keep silent, Jae represented a threat to Uncle Sungs honor. Although it was really not clear whether or not Jae told the story to others, he at least told it to his parents, as could be shown with their understanding why Jae would not want to see or be associated with his Uncle Sung. In fact, the whole incident was the reason why a strain in the extended familys relationship developed.Uncle Sung and Aunt Kwi were still mad at Jae because, after all that they had done for their nephew, he still refused to keep silent threatening the reputation his uncle worked hard to achieve. They held that Jaes refusal to keep silent is a sign of not only his disrespect for them but also of his ingratitude towards what they did for him and his family. Again, it displayed Uncle Sungs attitude towards money, that he expected Jae and his family not to cross him by helping Jaes family on their business. Unfortunately, the terce mystery could not really be solved from the solutions to the first 2 mysteries.Although Jae agreed to come to his uncles wake, it is uncertain whether or not he had already forgiven his uncle for putting him in danger and asking him to keep silent. Maybe he agreed to come, just as he was urged to agree to tender Uncle Sung in his wedding, because of his parents urging that Uncle Sung is still a family member. Howeve r, in his uncles wake, Jae told his Aunt Kwi that his uncle looked so peace of mindful. It is unclear whether this was a sign of him making peace with his uncle or not and it does not help knowing the reaction of his aunt.Aunt Kwi, after hearing what Jae has to say, pushed him away saying that he was ungrateful. There are two plausible solutions why Aunt Kwi may have acted the way she did. First, she still may hold a grudge against Jae for being defiant towards Uncle Sung. There is however a flaw in this solution. It was apparent that Aunt Kwi was preventing for the relationship between her husband and Jae from getting any worse through her action during Jaes wedding, wherein she move to put her husband at ease while Uncle Sung was criticizing Jae in front of other people.By preventing her husband from saying any further that may ruin Jaes reputation, despite of the fact that she disapproved of what Jae had decided to go against their wishes, then it is possible that Aunt Kwi no l onger hold any grudge against Jae. The second plausible solution why Aunt Kwi acted towards Jae the way she did during the wake was that she may have found no sincerity in Jae. Remember that Jae was only urged by his parents to come to the funeral and it is all too possible that Jae went only because of this and not because of his wanting to pay respect and tribute for his uncle.Looking into his eyes, Aunt Kwi may have cerebrate of this fact and so pushed Jae away while stating her dismay towards him and his being ungrateful, that after all the years and after his uncle has already passed away, Jae was still unforgiving. Saying this, the solution to the third mystery may be that Jae still has not forgiven Uncle Sung. This could also be established by the fact that Jae does not approve of his uncles adventurism, as is apparent by stating that he always knew Uncle Sung would die in the freeway and that he always felt danger around him.Works Cited Dinh, Viet. Lucky. Zeotrope All-Stor y vol. 8, no 2, 2008.

Refractive Indices of Water And Turpentine Oil Essay

To fancy Refractive Indices of Water And Turpentine Oil using a plane mirror, a equi bi gibbous genus Lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needleAPPARATUSA bulgy lens, an optical needle, a plane mirror, a clamp stand, a spherometer, a plumb line, metre scale, water and turpentineoil Theroy Lets add small list of water on a flat, plane come up and place a gibbous lens over it. This forms a plano-concave lens of water mingled with the level excavate of convex lens and plane mirror. Let f 1 and f 2 are the central distances of water lens and convex lens respectively, then central length of the combination isThe focal length of the plano-concave lens is, (i)From Lens Makers formula,=( R 1 = R and R 2 = for water lens.The refractive index of water is , (ii)(where R is the radius of curved shape of the concave surfaces of the plano-concave lens). The Radius of curvature of the lens, is(iii)PROCEDURE For finding the focal length of convex lens Measure the approximately focal length of the convex lens. Place the plane mirror with the convex lens placed on it above the swimming base of a clamp stand horizontally as its tip lies vertically above the optical centre of the lens. Adjust the needle at a height a little more than the rough focal length of the convex lens. Try to remove the parallax between the tip of the object needle and its ikon tip. Note the distance of the tip of the needle from the centre of the upper surface of the lens. Let it be x 1. (Use plumb line). Remove the convex lens and cake the distance of the tip of the needle from the plane mirror. Let it be x 2 . (Use plumb line). 2 (vi) Repeat and record all the observations. For finding the focal length of the plano-concave lens Pour few drops of water over the plane mirror and place the convex lens over it. Repeat steps (ii) to (iv) as done above.Repeat the procedure with turpentine oil alike. For finding lDetermine the pitch and least count of sc ale of the spherometer. Place the spherometer on the dried surface of the convex lens. Turn the screw downwards very gently till the tip of the screw just touches the lens. Read and record the reading. Keep the spherometers legs on the base of a paper and adjusting the central screw, find the pricks A, B and C of the three legs of the spherometer. Join the centres of the three pricks and measure the lengths with the half-metre scale. Note the values of AB, BC and ACConclusionPitch of the spherometer= 1 cmLeast count of the spherometer = 0.01 cmDistance between the legs AB = 3 cm BC = 3 cmCA = 3 cmS.NoInitial reading of the C.S. on the convex lens(a)No. of complete rotations(n)Final reading of the c.s on the glass slab surplus C.S div. movedh=n x pitch + m x L.CMean h16206.555.50.5550.577526404600.6Aim is to find the refractive index of a) water, b) coconut oil using a plane mirror, and an equiconvex lens made of glass and an adjustable object needle. The theory behind liquid lens is based on the properties of one or more liquids to create magnifications within a small center of space.The steering of a liquid lens is controlled by the surface of the liquid .Water normally forms a bubble shape when adhered to materials such as glass.This desirable place makes water a very suitable candidate for the production of liquid lens.Essentially the liquid must be transparent so as to study its effects. To gift a liquid lens , a liquid is sandwiched between two pieces of a clear plastic or a glass. Oil (necessarily transparent) can also be chosen to be used as a fluid in a liquid lens system. The surface profiles of the liquid determines the focal length of liquid lens system and how the liquid lens focusses light rays.TheoryIn optics, refractive index or index of refraction n of a substance (optical medium) is a dimensionless number that describes how light or any radiation propagates through that medium.It is defined as n = c/vwhere c is the fixture of light in va ccum and v is the speed of light in a substance. Eg n of water is 1.33, which means, light travels 1.33 times as fast in vaccum as it does in water. The historically first occurance of refractive index was in Snells law of refraction. ie are the angles of incidence of the ray crossing the interface between 2 medias with refractive indeces n_1 and n_2. In this project, we shall make use of the property of liquid lens to find the refractive index of water and coconut oil.RequirementsA convex lens, plane mirror, water, coconut oil, an optical needle, an iron stand with base and clamp arrangement, a meter scale etc. Procedure Finding the focal length of convex lens- Place the plane mirror with the convex lens placed on it above the horizontal base of a clamp stand horizontally as its tip lies vertically above the optic centre of the lens. Adjust the needle at a height a little more than the rough focal length of the convex lens. Bring the tip of the needle, at the vertical principal a xis of the lens, so that the tip of the needle appears touching the tip of its image. chance upon the needle up and down to remove the parallax between tips of needle and its image. Measure the distance between tip of the needle and upper surface of the lens by using a meter scale. Let it be (x1 ). Again measure the distance between tip and upper surface of the plane mirror. Let it be x2 Finding the focal length of the combination Take a few drops of the given transparent liquid and place it on the surface of plane mirror. The convex lens is placed over it as before. (A plano concave lens is formed between plane mirror and convex lens). Repeat the steps (ii) to (v) Record the observations. To find the radius of curvature of the liquid lens. (R of convex lens surface in contact). The convex lens is turned towards a source such that, the required surface is away from the source the distance is to adjusted that the image is, formed on the side of the source. The distance d between the source and the lens is measured.The radius of curvature R of the lens is given byFinally the refractive index of liquid lens is given by.n = 1+ R/f2Result The observations of the try is tabulated as followsPrecautions The parallax must be removed tip to tip properly. The lens and plane mirror should be cleaned thouroughly. The liquid taken should be essentially transparent. hardly few drops of liquid should be taken so that the liquid lens layer is not thickSources of error Liquid may not be quite transparent The parallax any not be fully removed The needle may not be properly horizontalThe distance x1 and x2 may not be essentially cleanThe experiment described in this project is an effective and simple method of measuring the refractive index of any liquid (transparent) using a convex lens and plane mirror. If we keep the mirror behind a lens and put an object at the focus point of the lens above it, the image of the object exit form at the same focus point where the object is . If it is an extended object, its image will be inverted and the size of image is same as that of the object. This property has enabled the efficient use of liquid lens to find the refractive index of a fluid by this method. If a liquid is sandwiched between the lens and the mirror, the focal length of liquid lens can be calculated knowing the focal length of the combination and that of the convex lens, from which the refractive index of the fluid can easily be estimated.

Christian Values and America’s Historical Documents Essay

While soci completelyy networking, a person will run into many different opinions on both topics. People have their own beliefs and managements of looking at things, so when I was expounding on my ideas, the inevit up to(p) topic of religion was brought up. As more(prenominal) than as the Golden Rule flows through most religions, there ar people who atomic number 18 non able to put their ego aside and un only iftoned their minds to the simplest possibilities. The specifics of this topic were of such that the unify States was founded on Christianity. Religion and politics are highly volatile topics and most people will only argue emotionally instead of stopping and critically thinking about any information they may be given on these two subjects. Many people look at that the Constitution and the solution of Independence were founded on Christian values, but in closer examination, they both have vague articulate and freethinker beliefs.CounterargumentsThere are some(pren ominal) reasons that people believe that the historic documents of the United States were written with Christian values in mind. One reason is, in the 19th Century, a driving started which believed that the settlers were direct here by the hand of God (Allison, 1998). This was a popular belief and many people still hold true to this belief. It is taught in cosmos schools that the colonists came over from England because of religious persecution. Another argument for this way of thinking is that, because of the belief that God showed the settlers where to go, that He excessively must have had led the presentation Fathers to publish the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States (Allison, 1998). This lead to the belief that God is needed to preserve not only religious institutions, but also democracy. valet de chambre rights are nabn to be given by God, which, in a nation that was intolerant of non-Christians, meant the Judeo-Christian God (Cherry, M D, 2011). Our Founding Fathers separated Church and state, but not God and state. Church and state and God and state are sometimes seen asthe same idea, which can be confusing, even to a Christian. In increment to this, many believe that this country was founded with Christian values because of a statement that was made in Madisons Federalist Paper Number 37 where it states, that only, a finger of that Almighty hand could have shown him the insight to write the Constitution (Ferguson, 1987).United States ConstitutionThe United States Constitution was written in such a way as to be intentionally vague and without Christian values, but Deist values instead. The Constitutional Convention had many problems in coming up with this historic document. Every man that attended this convention had their own ideas and ways to convey what they believed needed to be included in this document.Vague WordingBen Franklins ambiguous wording in the Declaration of Independence led Madison to exaggerat e the wording even further in the Constitution. The intentionally ambiguous wording that Madison used in the Constitution was used to bring conformity within a divided country, (Ferguson, 1987, p. 159). In the 14th Amendment it states, Any person, but when this document was written African-Americans were not considered people, so Jim Crow Laws were kept in place in many areas of the country. In the convention meetings leading up to what the Founding Fathers wrote to become the Constitution, compromises were made. In the second amendment, it states that people have a right to keep and bare arms. What makes this vague is that most of us take this to mean any, and all people, but what the Constitutional Framers meant was to indicate those that were in the militias. So, those people that were in the militias could keep and bare arms, not just anyone could.Deist BeliefsThe Constitution forms a secular document and is in no way related to God (Walker, 2004). God was not forgotten in the w riting of the Constitution. This omission was purposely done to keep the giving medication and religion separate from each other. The Constitutions preamble starts out We the people, and clearly states the intention of the men who framed the Constitution, including establish Justice, ensure domesticated Tranquility,provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity. Nowhere in the Constitution is the word God, so there would be no mistake as to the thoughts of Madison.The basic Amendment to the Constitution even states that, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the exercise thereof, which means that the governing is not supposed to support any one religion or to stop any individual from practicing their religion or lack thereof. Religionists and atheists are able to equally practice their belief system because of this. This alone is a contradiction to the Fi rst Commandment, which demands fealty to a specific god (Trent, 2012). The Constitutions awe stems from the ambiguous wording of the Declaration of Independence.Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independences wording and belief system is not only vague, but also Deist. This historic document did not take sides and was intentionally meant in an unbiased way. This can be shown in several different ways.Vague Wordingequivocalness in the wording of this document by Ben Franklin tends to give many the misunderstanding by using phrases such as, Natures God and their Creator, which leads people who are Christian, by default, to the thought that this is a Christian-based document. Wording such as this is intentionally vague, because it comes from the belief in a higher power whatever that may be to each individual as opposed to strictly Christian beliefs. The intentionally vague wording, such as, unalienable rights and laws of nature, transcends the political, and even the reli gious, arguments of from where these rights came from and by whom they were given.One of the words in the introduction is necessary and when this document was written, this word had a much more significant meaning than we have today for it. Back then, it meant that it was something that was made in connecter with fate and was beyond control of human agents. An example of this meaning is the Revolutionary War was going to happen and there was nothing anyone could do about it. The fraction of the people between England and the settlers could not have been repaired by anyone or anything.Deist Belief SystemAs it is stated in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Deism is a lawsuit or system of thought advocating natural religion, emphasizing morality, and in the 18th Century denying the interference of the Creator with the laws of the universe. The Founding Fathers, such as Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and several others, were only strictly Christian in appearance, but Christian-Deist i n belief. These men followed the works of philosophers, such as Descartes and Voltaire. This led these men to question Christian beliefs. accept in what the classic philosophers wrote, had the Founding Fathers put the test of reason to every idea and assumption. When they put this test to religion, they found they needed to strip away revelation, which led to Deism (Johnson, 2004). The Founding Fathers were very closed-mouth about their personal religion, but encouraged religious tolerance and a belief in God. When writing the Declaration of Independence, they were in reality writing the reason of their actions to the rest of the world for why they did what they did. In short, it was a foreign policy document.The second and most famous paragraph of the Declaration of Independence states that the Founding Fathers believed that it was self-evident that all men are created equal. The Creator, as is believed by any one person, granted all men with certain rights life, familiarity and the pursuit of happiness, which is given by the universes natural laws. This one belief shows that at least some of the Founding Fathers were Deists, as this is a Deist belief. The Declaration of Independence is interpreted many different ways to fit neatly into everyones individual belief system, when it should just be read the way it is, and not try to make more of it than it is. The Declaration of Independence is a statement of why everyone deserves liberty and freedom.ConclusionThe Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States were written without Christian values because when the settlers came to America they were trying to get away from a government that was telling them what to do and how to believe without the voice of the people reaching those in power. If the Declaration of Independence and Constitution were written with Christian values, the Founding Fathers would not have put inthe segments about religious freedom into these documents. I believe that if Christian values were used to write the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, that religious freedom would not have been a part of these historic documents.Everyone has their own way at which they look at and perceive things, and they will make things fit into their belief system to make it easier for them to understand. Sometimes, this is not necessarily the way that things in history were meant to be interpreted, such as the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. We are taught this in school through text books, at home with taught beliefs, and political affiliations see this topic differently, but if we break out of the mold, and try to think for ourselves, we can learn and enjoy from the simple beauty in which these documents were written. With an open mind, we are more apt to realize the original intent of historical events and documents.ReferencesAllison, J. (1998). Declaration of Independence Its Purpose. Retrieved from http//candst.tripod.com/do ipurp.htm Cherry, MD, R. R. (2011). American Judeo-Christian Values and the Declaration of Independence. Retrieved from http//www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/id.9876/pub-detail.asp Ferguson, R. A. (1987). Ideology and the Framing of the Constitution. primaeval American Literature, 22(1987), 157-165. Formisano, R. P., & Pickering, S. (2009). The Christian Nation Debate and Witness Competency. Journal of the Early Republic, 29(Summer), 219-248. Johnson, R. L. (2004). The Deist Roots of the United States of America. Retrieved from http//www.deism.com/deistamerica.htm Rubicondior, R. (2012). Founded on Christian Principles? Retrieved from http//rosarubicondior.blogspot.com/2012/04/founded-on-christian-principles.html Trent, B. (2012). First Amendment or First Commandment. Up Front, May-June (N/A), 10-11, 37. Walker, J. (2004). The Government of the United States of American is not, in any sense founded on the Christian religion. Retrieved from http//www.nobeliefs.com/Tripoli .htm

Effect of Incorporation of Carrot Powder in Wheat Flour Essay

Effect of Incorporation of Carrot Powder in Wheat Flour for the Preparation of Stick Noodles Kripa Shakya1 and Anup Halwai2 1. College of Applied Food and Dairy Technology,Kathamndu, Nepal 2. section of Food Technology and Quality Control, Kathamndu, Nepal krips16hotmail. com Abstract Noodles were prepared by incorporating cultivated cultivated carrot powder in the percentage of 5, 10, 15 and 20 in drinking straw flour. The main(prenominal) objective of the work was to prepare the nutritious garret enriched with Vitamin A.Sensory evaluation of the carrot powder incorporated remain noodles revealed that the product prepared with 5% carrot powder and 95% wheat flour was found to be most acceptable. The chemical analysis of the most acceptable product were found out to be 10. 8% moisture, 0. 6% fat, 10. 3 % crude protein, 0. 7% crude fiber,1. 7% total modify, 0. 1% acid insoluble ash, 75. 8% carbohydrate and 12166 I. U. Vitamin A content. Keywords Noodle, wheat flour, carrot pow der, Vitamin A 1. IntroductionNoodles are among the oldest institutes of the processed foods consumed in Asia and other parts of the world (Hou, 2001). Noodles can be prepared from wheat flour unaccompanied and/or in combination with other ingredients such as rice flour, buckwheat and mung bean.. In the noodle preparation, a crumbly dough is organize which is then passed through a series of rolls to form a sheet. The sheet is then slit to produce noodles (Hou, 2001). Carrot (Daucus carota) is a root vegetable, usually orange tree or red- white blend in color with crisp texture when fresh.Carrot gets its characteristic and bright orange color from ? carotene, which is metabolized into vitamin A in human when bile salts are present in the intestines. Carrots are also rich in dietary fiber, and antioxidants. Carrot can also promote colon wellness as it is rich in fiber. Vitamin A deficiency remains widespread in many countries in South Asia and contributes to a significant proport ion of preventable blindness (Bloem, 1997). Vitamin A supplementation can reduce the risk of blindness in case of the children (Hennig et al. 1991).In Nepal, two types of noodles are consumed. They are stick (sinke) noodle and instant noodle. In case of instant noodle, assorted ingredients and nutrients has been added to improve the nutrient content and to increase the consumer appeal such as iron, calcium and vitamin A and different flavors like spinach, chicken and vegetables. But, to the best of my knowledge, in case of noodles, no such studies have been conducted. The main objective of this research is to prepare the noodle enriched with Vitamin A and to tumble its chemical composition of the product. 2.Materials and methods The raw materials used for the noodle making for wheat flour, carrot powder and salt. Five samples of stick noodles were prepared and labeled A (0% carrot powder and 100% wheat flour), B (5% carrot powder and 95% wheat flour), C (10% carrot powder and 90% wheat flour), D (15% carrot powder and 85% wheat flour) and E (20% carrot powder and 80% wheat flour). Wheat flour was cleaned by passing through a hunky-dory sieve screen. Fresh carrots were washed with potable water, sliced, dried at 1002 ? C for 6 hours. The dried carrots were then powdered in the grinder. common salt was bought from the local market. The method involved cleaning of raw materials, sieving, mixing, of water, kneading, sheeting, cutting, drying and packaging. The raw materials were weighed and mixed manually. 1% of salt was added to the mixture. The required amount of water (33%) was added to the flour. The mixture was kneaded manually to form dough and then left for 30 minutes. The dough was passed through rollers to obtain a sheet. Then it was passed through the cutter to cut into strips. The noodles were dried at a low humidity room for 3 days and then sun drying was done for 1 hour.The products were packed in a plastic bag to comfort from the moisture absorpt ion and also to extend its shelf-life. Sensory evaluation of the five noodles samples were performed. Ten panelists were asked to strike for the quality attributes viz. , color, flavor, texture and taste in rewrite of their preference according the 9-point Hedonic rating test described by Ranganna (1994). Chemical analyses were performed for the best sample from the sensory evaluation The moisture content and ash content were determined as per AOAC method (1995)Fat rude fiber content and protein content were determined as per Ranganna, 1994.Vitamin content was determined by HPLC as appointed by Pharmacopeia, 1985. The product was also tested for physical properties such as length, color, edge and thickness. The cooking quality of the product was also determined in terms of cooking time, water absorption capacity, volume expansion and cooking loss as per Poudyal, 1988. 3. Results and Discussions The moisture content of the wheat flour was determined as 12. 2% and its gluten conte nt was determined as 10%. To make noodles, the wheat flour containing 10-12% gluten is suitable. The quality of the wheat flour to make noodles depend on the gluten.If the gluten content is low, in that respect is chance of breakage of noodles. Similarly, the moisture content of the carrot powder was determined as 9. 5%. Sample A with 5% carrot powder had the highest score in terms of quality attributes although the quality attributes among other products except product D (with 20% carrot powder) were non significantly different. (p=0. 05) In case of stick noodle, according to Nepal Standard, the moisture content must not exceed 12. 5%. The moisture content of both type of noodle is less than 12. 5% and there is no big difference between the moisture content of the two products.The protein content of stick noodle must not be less than 8% on dry basis. The protein content of plain noodle was found to be 10. 2% and that of carrot noodle was found to be 10. 3%. There was not much di fference in the protein content because the protein content in carrot is very low. Fat is an energy giving constituent. Fat content of the plain noodle was found to be 0. 6% and that of carrot noodle was found to be 0. 6%. The fiber content of the plain noodle was found to be 0. 35% and that of carrot noodle was found to be 0. 7%. The fiber content in high in carrot.

Improve end-of-life care Essay

Advocacy to improve remnant-of- action trouble and decision-making for patients over the past twenty-five years has frequently sullen to the fairness as a source of justification and procedural innovation. There has been a deliberate strategy to use the legal system to improve the terminus for patients at the end of life by means of courts of law and congressional hearings. Such efforts gift resulted in the formation of legislation and regulation but slang produced varying measures of gain as well as some serious limitations. As a result of these efforts a wide array of patients dependables respecting end-of- life treat prep be been established.These include the decline to self-determination and to refuse uncalled-for life-prolonging interventions. Additionally there are regulations which have established decision-making processes and protocols should patients lose the ability to make decisions for themselves. The right to die is understood as the freedom to make a decis ion to end ones life, on ones own terms, as a result of the desire to allay painful effects of an incurable illness (Angus, 2004). The act of ending ones life after part carry off various forms, depending on the role the patient, their family and the physician plays in this process (Rosen, 1998).Euthanasia refers to the family member or physician intentionally ending the patients life by direct request from the patient. Euthanasia can be active or passive, voluntary or involuntary. In active euthanasia any a physician, a family member or another prescribed person, at the directive of the patient or an authorized representative, administers or withholds some form of procedure that leads to the circumstanceual(prenominal) or immediate death of the patient. Passive euthanasia involves these agents withholding a procedure necessary for the patients continued survival.Active euthanasia involves administering every drugs or another treatment that will directly lead to death. Voluntary euthanasia is where the patient makes a direct request for either an active or passive procedure and involuntary euthanasia is when this decision is made by someone besides the patient because the patient is probably incapable of making such(prenominal) a decision. Assisted suicide refers to help oneselfing the patient end his or her life. There are numerous advocates and agencies throughout the United States, Canada, Europe and other countries, that either promote or oppose the right to die concept.One group advocates the establishment of clear limitations on the ability of health tutorship providers or the state to chit-chat undesired life-prolonging interventions against the wishes of the patient or the patients authorized surrogate decision-maker. The strength of this effort lies primarily in the articulation by these advocates of procedures for decision-making that respect patients liberty and anticipate the range of circumstances in which patients would lack decision-makin g capacity and thus would require tough decisions about end-of-life disquiet to be made for them (Johnson, 1998).In stemma to such articulation of negative rights, more recent advocates for dying patients have focused on using legal mechanisms such as courts of law and legislative processes to try to establish and articulate rights and responsibilities governing the role of the physician in a patients suicide. Instead of asking for patients to be free of unwanted interventions, these efforts have lobbied for legal support for positive assistance at the end-of-life. This assistance involves purposefully bringing an end to life through the use of medical interventions.To date, these efforts have met with mixed success. While physician-assisted suicide has been legalized in the Netherlands, achieving the same results in the United States has been challenging. Thus faraway only the state of Oregon has managed to make any nous in this regard. They managed to pass the Death with Dign ity Act which came into effect in 1997 (Public Agenda, 2006). This act gives patients a limited amount of legal right to physician-assisted suicide.Furthermore, the Supreme courtyard has resolved that at this time, there is no constitutional violation if a states criminal laws prohibit assisted suicide. At a minimum, however, these efforts have succeeded in arousing public interest and inquiry into the suffering endured by patients and their families when serious or terminal illness becomes unbearably burdensome. This outcome may be more valuable than any articulation of a theoretical legal right. some other category of advocates targets the bonk at the level of the health centers that provide headache for these patients.They present that the presence of so many discussions on the provision of suicide assistance is a reflection of the U. S. failure to make proper palliative care promptly accessible to those who are suffering. They believe that little has been done to ensure that all dying patients and their families receive competent, compassionate care at the end of life, regardless of the care setting or disease process. Such care does not simply involve being left alone or freedom from the use of machines.Efforts and successes in the legal arena have had more to do with decision protocols and processes, documents and directives, than with the substantive clinical aspects of quality care at the end of life. It is not sufficient to naive have a document that articulates a patients wish to refuse life-prolonging interventions. What this group advocates is ensuring that doctors effectively communicate with the patient and compassionately provide each with quality palliative care appropriate to their condition (Waters, 1999). There is a limit to the extent to which the law is turned to as a strategy for change end-of-life care.While considerable time and effort has been spent over the past few decades ensuring, through the law, that certain things shou ld not be done to patients at the end of life, there has been little focus on what should be done for such patients. In this regard the law has limited utility. The earliest and most enduring efforts involving the law in end-of-life care have focused on defining the limits of government intervention and interference, articulating individual freedoms, and creating processes and protocols to address areas of contention.There are precedents from judicial cases, including the cases of Karen Ann Quinlan in 1976 and Nancy Cruzan in 1990, that clearly establish the right of individual patients to refuse all undesired life-prolonging interventions as well as the clear establishment that the interests of third parties or governments cannot destroy individual rights to limit care at the end of life. Also there are legal guidelines and procedures that enable the treatment wishes of patients to be preserved and respected, even when the patients are no longer capable of articulating them.Finall y there has been the creation of legal obligations and responsibilities on the part of care providers and care systems to inform patients of their options in this difficult decision-making process. In many ways, the law has been effectively employed to ensure patients liberty and privacy against the encroachments of modern medical technology as they approach the end of their lives. However, it is difficult to determine how successful the law has been in impacting positively the quality of care and decision-making provided to patients at the clinical level (Angus, 2004).Through legal principles and legislation, courts at both the state and federal official levels have extensively considered the issue of end-of-life care and decision-making. They have consistently emphasized the right of patients to refuse any and all life-prolonging medical interventions, including breathing machines, dialysis, surgery, and artificial nutrition and hydration. This protection is extended where patien ts are able to personally articulate their wishes or do so through authorized surrogate decision-making mechanisms.With respect to the cases that have thus far been examined through the courts, they have extended the fundamental legal right of patients to generally refuse treatment, providing clarity and creating decision paths in situations of uncertainty. The cases have not, however, completely eliminated debate and perceptiveness in the clinical arena, where moral ambivalence, medical uncertainty, religious convictions, emotional distress, and outright misunderstanding of the law still obscure the decision-making process in individual circumstances.The issue of ending a patients life is complex, no two cases being the same. There are significant implications for the patient involved, their family, physician and the facility providing care at this crucial time in their lives. For many clinicians, patients and their families, decisions about whether to withdraw a feeding tube or t urn off a ventilator are still difficult. Such dilemmas cannot be addressed by the law, which can provide a process for decision-making but cannot necessarily guide the involved parties to the right decision in a particular circumstance.The difficulty of end-of-life decisions are further compounded by evolving standards of care, continuing debate over what constitutes futile care and wonder among clinicians, particularly about what is legal (Angus, 2004). Evidently there are limits to what the law can clarify and make concrete when the issues are so complex and confounding. Another challenge has been the limited use of the many say care-planning mechanisms that have been developed through both judicial and legislative processes. Additionally there has been limited advocacy by healthcare professionals for the use of these mechanisms.Mechanisms such as living wills and healthcare proxies or powers of attorney are intended to empower patients and their surrogates. Through the use of these, patients and their caregivers can consider the complex and problematic area of end-of-life care in a thoughtful and deliberate way, long before the chaos that often accompanies an acute, life-threatening event or the onset of serious illness ensue. While none of these mechanisms is perfect, if used properly and as prescribed in the law, such documents and advance planning could help avoid some of the crises that frequently accompany end-of-life care and decision-making (McDonald, 1999).A growing body of studies documents the myriad of problems and challenges that have surfaced in trying to implement advance care planning in the clinical setting. Some studies reveal physicians erroneous beliefs about advance directives and their lack of knowledge about how to employ them in clinical care routines. Other studies highlight the inadequacy of understanding between patients and their care providers about treatment preferences at the end of life, even when patients have previously executed an advance directive.Still other studies reflect that there is uncertainty in the clinical arena concerning who is responsible for initiating and helping to formulate advance care-planning decisions. Of course the variety of issues examined by studies are not exhausted as there still needs to be studies on strategies to increase the number of patients who execute advance directives prior to foolishness given that only a small percentage do so now. Also it remains unclear whether more directives will ultimately lead to break up care that is more responsive to patient and family needs.

Low Pressure Atmospheric Systems

Low pressure atmospheric systems are also cognise as depressions or cyclones and they form in mid- and high-latitudes. They are formed by the mixing of shivery and warm air travel, the warm air is lighter, so it rises above the denser, cold air and forms a centre of low pressure. High pressure atmospheric systems are also known as anticyclones and rush very different characteristics to depressions. Anticyclones are large masses of subsiding air, which produces high pressure at the surface.There are a variety of difference between anticyclones and depressions, including the weather conditions, the length of time they ultimately and the impact they direct upon diverse countries and areas. Low pressure atmospheric systems can case hazards because of severe weather such as blizzards and heavy snowfall, as considerably as high winds and heavy rainfall. This can have harsh impacts among individuals, being a lead cause of hypothermia, and frostbite, especially those vulnerable, suc h as the elderly. Also, these depressions can cause crops to be destroyed, and a high mortality rate throughout the spring lambing season.Extreme cold spells can have a massive negative effect on a global scale, but also in a specific country or region. High pressure atmospheric systems affect the globe, especially the Confederate hemisphere, as it is nearly always continuous, although in places such as Australia and South Africa, this is broken throughout their summer. With anticyclones, there are few winds, so maps usually have circular spaced out isobars. Also, these atmospheric systems block depressions, which mean that their impacts are usually long-term, because they are constant. Weather associated with anticyclones differentiates depending on the time of year.In summer, anticyclones produce long periods of dry, hot, glad weather, which can then cause heat waves and drought. However, in winter the cloudless nights mean that temperatures drop, and does not rec everyplace the next day because of weak sunshine and dilatory fog. The impacts of anticyclones and depressions vary, as does the period they remain and the effect they have. The North American blizzard of 2003 lasted for five days throughout February and occurred on the East Coast of the USA and Canada. It was a record-breaking blizzard, which ca apply 27 finishs and over $14 million worth of damage.The cities in America were bought to a standstill, as there was a range of 38-76cm of snow cover charge the ground. The cause for such an unusually extreme blizzard was the fact that the conditions were favourable, with moisture from the Atlantic Ocean enhancing precipitation and a high pressure system over Canada, allowing cold air to be brought down coastal areas. This meant that the precipitation was mainly snow, hence the record-breaking statistics. The effects this storm had were mainly short-term, but the roof of the diachronic Railroad Museum collapsed and 27 people lost their lives.Additio nally, transport infrastructure was brought to a halt, and three major airports were also closed. So, the impacts of depressions are mainly short-term, although the destruction can be horrendous, whereas, anticyclones usually cause long-term impacts on a country such as the Drought in Britain and Europe in 2003. This drought effected more locations, but the main focus was on the UK, France and Portugal. Not all impacts are negative, as the heat wave did boost the tourist industry in closely countries and sales for summer items such as barbeques and sun cream increased, but this positive outlook is short-lived.In the UK, an estimated 200 people lost their lives due to poor air quality, and this figure was 10% higher than the average. Furthermore, transport was disrupted because of roads melting at such high temperatures, and the London Underground was 37, which is over the sound limit to transport animals. Finally, in the UK the cost of people taking days off work to enjoy the hot weather was between ?7. 5million and ?10million per day. In France, the death toll was as high as 30,000 and harvests were down by 30 to 50% on 2002.Additionally, the nuclear power plants could not produce the soaring demands for energy, which was used for refrigerators and air conditioning, because there was less water available for cooling. Portugal declared a State of Emergency after the worst forest fires in 30 years. rough 35,000 hectares of forest, farmland and scrub was burned, and 1300 people died. 80 families were forced to abandon their homes, and arsonists begun deliberately causing fires, to gain compensation. The impacts of anticyclones on all of these countries had a massive effect, and it lasted over a month, with the hottest temperatures for up to 500 years.This demonstrates the long and short term impacts that anticyclones have on regions, countries and on a global scale. Location does have a result on the impact of low and high atmospheric pressure systems because they can be underdeveloped or have a lot of technology that can be damaged or ruined. MEDCs usually lose fewer lives than LEDCs, no matter if it is a depression or a cyclone. Also, the evidence seems to suggest that depressions have a shorter impact on an area than anticyclones, but this is not necessarily true.Long-term secondary hazards can be a large introduce after a depression, as the damage from flooding or heavy snow can be excessive and highly damaging. I conclude, low pressure atmospheric systems do usually have shorter-term impacts on a location, rather than high pressure atmospheric systems, but the secondary hazards can be a long-term issue for both of these hazards. Furthermore, the impact they have, may be different, depending on location, because a LEDC will be severely affected by both of these hazards, and will most in all likelihood have long-term consequences.

Impact of micro finance on women Essay

Microfinance is not a new concept in these days it is recognized as a most powerful and effective utensil to reduce the poverty. authorization of women is one of very important come in in developing countries. It is not only when seen as a development objective in it self still as a means of promoting growth, reducing poverty and promoting founder governance (World Bank, 2001).Microfinance plays role in amend women decision making by contributing in sparing activities. In this study we will try the impact of microfinance on indicators of womens authorization in the urban slums of the Lahore district of Pakistan. In this study sexs equity, self-confidence, and status will specifically design and implement to explore the link mingled with microfinance and womens empowerment. This study will justify that microfinance can cleanse the position of women done i. Access to self-sufficient incomeii. agree over savings and assent useiii. Ability to bring productive asset to h ousehold economyiv. To maintain gender equityIn this study an attempt will made to explore the socio economical determinants of women empowerment in which microfinance will central economic determinant. This study will collect the data through survey that is a quantitative research strategy that involves the structured collection of data from a pre-determined sample. Questionnaires could be filling through Self-administrated, Online or Postal. We will apply Correlation statistics to determine the mutual human relationship between gender equality, self-confidence, status and womens empowerment.Then we will apply Regression analysis to measure the relationship gender equality, self-confidence, status and womens empowerment. This study will relate to the women in the Lahore city. The fewer resources and sources atomic number 18 the banging enigma. Limited meter period is also the limitation of this study. Estimatedtime for completing this research is approximately 5 to 6 months and the expenditures are approximately Rs. 10,000/- (PKR). Key Words Microfinance, Women empowerment, Genders equity, Self-confidence IntroductionThe knocked out(p)growth project of microfinance in Pakistan was initiated in 1960s when Dr. Akhtar Hameed khan implemented the idea of microcredit and launched the Comilla take to as an experimentation of microcredit. After that, various initiatives were taken in the field of microfinance in the following decades including Orange Pilot Project in Karachi, Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) etc. Working women contribute to national income of the region and maintain a sustainable livelihood of the families and communities, throughout the humanness.As they face many socio- cultural attitude, effective barriers, lack of education and personal difficulties. Traditionally, women sop up been marginalized. They are rarely financially independent and often they are more than helpless members of society. About 70% of worlds poor are women. Yet they have no access to credit and other financial operates.Therefore, microfinance often target women. Microfinance is a critical tool to empower women from poor household. So, particularly women can get benefit from microfinance institutions as many microfinance institutions target only women, to empower them. In the context of Pakistan, where social and economic empowerment of women is still very low, it is important to mark interventions through which this empowerment shortage could be reversed. In the Global Gender Gap Report, published by the World Economic Forum in 2007, Pakistan is ranked at 126 amongst a total of 128 countries.Women authorisationEmpowerment of women means to let women survive and let them live a feel with dignity, humanity, respect, self esteem and self reliance. Empowerment is also related to the process of internal change (Mayoux 1998) and to the capacity and right to make decisions (Kabeer 2001). It consists of change, extract and power. K abeer (1999) stresses that womens empowerment is the process to acquire the might from which those who have been denied the ability to make the strategic life choices.Her emphasis that ability to exercise choice incorporates three interrelated dimensions Resources, Agency and Achievements. According to UNIFEM, to generate choices, gainingthe ability and exercise dicker power, developing a sense of self worth, to secure desired changes, principle in ones ability and the right to control ones life are important elements of women empowerment. Women will be empowered when they will have full control over their suffer life.MicrofinanceMicrofinance is a powerful tool to self empower the poor people especially women at world level and especially in developing countries. Microfinance activities can give them a means to climb out of poverty. From early 1970s women movement in number of countries increasing to improve poverty through microfinance programs.The problem of women less access t o credit was given a particular concentration at First world(prenominal) Women Conference in Mexico in 1975. The evolution of microfinance is from Bangladesh since late 1970s and a very successful project. that in Pakistan, the movement of microfinance sector started from Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) and Orangi Piolt Project (OPP). With the passage of time microfinance becomes NGO activity and five microfinance banks have been started under State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) ordinance.Role of Microfinance in Women EmpowermentThe logic of microfinances potential drop for empowerment is similar to the economic model of empowerment microfinance makes women economically independent by putting capital and financial resources in their hands. Economic independence results in higher bargaining power for women in their households and communities, and subsequently results in higher prestige and self-esteem.The focus on womens empowerment in the context of microfinance brings to light the significance of gender relations in policy development circles more prominently than ever before. Women are vaunted as a weapon against poverty (DFID 2006, 1). Microfinance is a type of banking service which provides access to financial and non financial services to low income or unemployed people. Microfinance services lead to women empowerment by positively influencing womens decision making power at household level and their boilersuit socioeconomic status.By the end of 2000, microfinance services had reached over 79 million of the poorest of the world. As such microfinance has the potential to make a significant role to genderequality and promote sustainable livelihood and better working condition for women. (ILO Geneva) It has been well documented that an increase in women resources or better approach for credit facilities results in increased well being of the family especially children. (Maoux, 1997 Kabeer, 2001).Chaudary and Nosheen (2009) women empowerment is one of im portant issue of set day development policies in developing countries. Since empowerment is multidimensional concept, it is determined by many socio economic factors and cultural norms. Cheston and Kuhn (2002) stated that microfinance programs have been potential to transform poor relation and to empower women especially by using case study of Sinapi Aba Trust. Although women access to financial resources has substantially increased yet loans given to women protest in sizes.In spite of this, just financial help not enough to empower women and improve well being but if they are properly designed then they make important contribution to women empowerment.

Prospects of Democracy

Unfortunately, these moronic, ungrateful, st angiotensin-converting enzyme-age Jerk-offs both refuse that generous largess out of arrogance or ar too dopy to put it together correctly (Its non like Its an Kea dresser, folks). Is the developing sphere hopeless, or atomic number 18 the efforts of developed countries? Has re open simply mellow out its course among those who are capable of handling It? What developed countries could habitualwealth body of work or not work In? Regardless of the answer to those questions, which I leave behind address, the people of any give nation seduce to want democracy. The U.S has been a leader in toilsome to sit on the chest of developing countries trying to spoon-feed this lattice medication to them, but raze when it goes in their mouth, the spit it back out the moment they brook back up. For the interest of humor though, Ill juxtapose the U. S as a successful democracy against that of another(prenominal) countries in its tarrad iddle for the first part of my essay. The second of potential and current democracies in the modern adult male, and last, whether and how very much democracy I look at there will be in the next 20 to 25 years and solutions to achieve it.Get ready to hop on the Magic School Bus not to the prehistorical era or inside a human body, but To the land of democracy? Sorry, Ms. Frizzle got move to rehab by some marc who found LSI under the drivers seat. Suffice to say this ride wont be as sportsman as past adventures, but Im issue to give It a damned good try. Now lets espouse a trip back to 1783 in the great land weve just come to k instanter as the united States of the States. For the first time, it appears as though democracy truly has a shot.The British actu in onlyy surrendered to the Ameri muckle revolutionaries and those who remained in opposition exiled themselves Talk about a clean break As near straightway in modern times, this is not the usual case in revolutions. Even the supposedly peace-loving and unforceful French were chopping off heads in the name of democracy. Theres always the Greeks right? Sadly, the esteemed Athenian democracy met its ends finished the military force and civil war it had allowed to fester doneout its reign.However, America Is deferent not simply receivable to apple pale and barbecue but like most great achievements, due to impeccable timing. Had whats now known as the united States been colonized centuries prior when Europe was dummy up trudging through the Feudal Ages, democracy would almost certainly falter, especially In an emerging nation. And regardless of the ascribed poverty of our inelegants childhood, most of the influence, and at worst, they were of a middle-merchant class.In addition, they were also working with an Eden of resources and real estate. As the Proof. S sanction and I paraphrase, they would behave to be beauteous stupid to mess this up. Furthermore, this was post-renaissance and ideas like democracy and morally-rich thought had been being nurtured for a good portion of time. And wiz and only(a) of the more important aspect was that while the colonists were poor, they had an wide ocean to separate their oppressors. Back to the point of canvass the U. S with other countries past and present, the U.S has not yet proven either its ability to wield democracy successfully nor whether democracy is even a successful form of government. Hell to the no, wiener-brain, I can already hear you shouting, but I implore your to attend this quote from Alexander Tyler, a Scottish history professor at the University of Edinburgh, A democracy is always temporary in nature it simply cannot outlast as a permanent form of government. A democracy will continue to exist up until the time that voters discover they can vote themselves generous gifts from the public treasury.From that moment on, the majority always votes for the candidates who cry the most benefits from the public treasury, with the result that every democracy will finally collapse due to unleash fiscal policy, which is always followed by a dictatorship. This was said in 1787 and while is hasnt come to fruition in the unite States, it has certainly done so in legion(predicate) other upstart democracies. Hearkening upon my early didactics about the U. S. s success, I pose two questions to gauge the democracys success. What is the best kind of democracy? The U.S has a representative democracy hat is actually more akin to a republic (the latter being an especially deft blow to its potential claim of success). How can a governments ability to conquer an inbuilt form of policy be Judged on one particular? How much time mustiness header before a democracy is to be deemed a success or not? The U. S is going on 250 years, not much great than Greece (in more strict democratic terms), intimately beneath the popish Republic which peaked around 500 years, and vastly short of the longest-livin g globally successful civilizations in history.For the sake of argument however, let us assume that the U. S is indeed all that ND a nucleotide of Chests (why would you choose plain check-out procedures when there are so many better options? ) and that it will survive until saviour flies down and raptures all of its citizens up to heaven for being so loyal (except the gays and Democrats). Despite all of its governmental prowess and embodiment of benevolence, America cannot be a role model to most countries because its speckle differs far too much from other countries.Two countries may have the same recipe for chocolate chip cookies, but if the U. S has butter and Ghana only has butter-substitute spread, guess what youre not goanna end up with chocolate chip cookies. To start, as I said in the previous paragraph, America had what few countries have had or will ever have a blank canvass and the brushes to paint onto it. When the pilgrims escaped the despotic bump of the Englis h, despite their difference, they shared far more in customary.As the American Revolution was waged and goals were made in the aftermath, common interest on the macro level was calm down abundant. In contrast, The countries of the hindquarters billion are, for the most part, the resister of America. Rapidly put together in nation. The now-successful states were built through a painfully tardily and circuitous recess of formation that whirled them into nations with which their citizens identified. This enabled them to undertake the collective action that is vital for the provision of public goods.Most modern states were once socialally diverse. The boundaries of a modern state generally emerged not out of compound bonds forged out of a primordial ethnic solidarity but as the solution to the key encourageion issue of what size of territory was best suited to the creation of a monopoly over the means of ferocity (Collier, 2009). This lends a crucial similarity to the U. S a nd developing countries violence. Not even a century into its lifespan, the United States was already destroying itself not quite the idyllic picture modern citizens paint for it.Even the political process that had brought the U. S to that point relied on conflict The evolution of the modern state was, on this analysis, violence driven. Step by step, the predatory noticer of the mint-state had evolved into the desperate-to-please, service-promising, modern vote- readking politician. (Collier, 2009). Throughout the 19th century the U. S political organisation potentially gave a voice and ammunition to any self-centered megalomaniac ho may have be after to use the system to satisfy his and his friends appetite for profit.The electoral process of the early U. S was rife with decadence with politicians bribing for vote and boxing out undesirables from the polling booths (e. G. Blacks, anyone who disagrees). This is hardly the system most would want to see implemented in developin g countries even if the eventual outcome is a successful system like the U. S enjoys now. Kenya is before long considered by many to be the most successful democracy about developing nations. Sadly, this is like manifestation it is the prettiest turn in the toilet.Lash out if you will, but I say this to emphatically point out that Kenya is a part of a big failing system and its successes are simply not great plenty to warrant any sort of complacency. And when the U. S is considered hypothetically as a marker one of necessity to consider its current ten percent unemployment level and major election corruption as fresh as 2000 in the Bush/Gore presidential race (or perhaps 2008 if one feels the need to consider the black panther incident to be on the same scale), it is quickly realized that the bar take to be raised for all, not simply developing lands.In order for democracy to truly take root system in developing nations first- creation intervention cannot be reduced to the p arental platitude of do as I say, not as I do. Nations such as Kenya or Zambia are not stupid or naive children and dont want to be ordered to follow democratic dictations when their administrators renege on their promises and guard themselves as they see fit (lending yet more credence to the 01 Spider-man adage, with great power comes great responsibility). However, a nation such as Kenya is in role of leadershiphip itself amidst the other African developing democracies and is therefrom expected to up its ante as well.Unfortunately the lack of democracy almost always brings with it the lack of righteousness in the public and media arena too. Kenya was no exception prone that The structure of the Kenya media system appears to result in many media outlets turning in to direct political instruments in election campaigns, during which politicians use ethnicity to win votes. (Hollander, 2010). How can the public net sound political choices when one, information from the televisio n or literature?The situation doesnt ascertain to be improving for developing countries elsewhere on the globe either. Further north but not too distant in Africa another prime democratic hopeful Morocco shares its breathers woes. Morocco has the longest record of multi-party elections 1963 on. merely whenever the king risked losing, the king dissolved the assembly and changed the witnesss. and Most of these countries have held elections at least occasionally, but all too often these have been fake elections orchestrated by the government in favor of one party. (tagre, 2003).This paints a rather bleak picture for democracy in developing countries given that Kenya is supposed to be a hallmark of hope if they cannot achieve it, who can? It appears that a trend, rather a disease, has a Dearth Evader death-grip on the societies political ambitions. land is often spoken of the most ideal and viable alternating(a) to warfare as the combatants can fight within the arena of politi cs rather than the battlefield, however most hopeful leaders have taken that maxim to the extreme. Rather than shoulder the burden of leadership for the greater good of Justice and their peoples welfare, N actual practice , in many developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, the process of democracy is marked by bitter animosity and quarrel between the efferent political parties , giving an impression as if these countries are in constant turmoil all the time with one base trying to surmount another group to seize power. (Sir Lankan Guardian, 2010). In turn, these elections hold up mere contests where politicians become intoxicated in the thrill of the fight and seek only to serve their or their familys needs in a twisted marriage of their own ego. Each political group in its anxiety to defeat the other often even go to the extent of maintaining thugs and rowdies in their groups to indulge in violence, settle tons with the opponents, indulge in malpractices in elec tion including bribing the voters etc. Due to this approach, the law and order machinery virtually collapses. (Sir Lankan Guardian, 2010) opus this is true for many politicians in any country, its especially devastating to a country like Sir Lankan, who dont even have a sound enough political system or successful economical foundation to absorb the shock of those mistakes.This kind of arrogance leads to a destitution where the populace is virtually selling itself into thralldom to the government. The governments of developing countries or hat Paul Collier calls pejoratively the bottom billion are slur to the tremendous cost of their foolish attempt to shield themselves from cooperation with their neighbors. The paradox is that despite having the most to gain from pooling their sovereignty, the societies of the bottom billion have pooled it the least. (Collier, 2009).Many of these countries operate under a facade of democracy and subject their citizens to causeitarian rule suc h as despotism that May take the form of a beggars democracy, where people talk at will, in groups even, but can never expect to change anything. (Kaplan, 1996). In Latin America, one author tells how the authoritarian regimes had become so perfect(a) they should actually be viewed as a benchmark for undeniable studies on democracy that scholars often ignore These lessons Were learned through the bitter experiences of democratic breakdown and repressive, bureaucratic-authoritarian rule (p. 2), a claim that echoes throughout the ramifications of the violence that birthed almost every major nation in the world that I spoke of earlier, and the cause of the violence itself ethnic identity. The idea that ethnicity is both the cause of nationalistic violence and the obstacle tanning in the way of a successful democracy is something certainly doesnt sit well with most and may end up actually inciting violence As I stated before, America had the advantage of being forced to deal with di versity whereas most nations have a firmly root cultural society, complete with enemies and collective taboos.Americas economy was also firmly tied to its cultural identity which is important because When the pace of expansion gets sufficiently far ahead of the process of building a common identity, the resulting superstars seem overwhelming problems in trying to establish a common identity. Instead of becoming nations, by slight they become empires. (Collier, 2009). A common identity was forged through the state part of the United States where the states could dog their own interest to some degree, but were ultimately held up the to law and standard of a central government.Even China commonly viewed as purely an authoritarian government has only been successful politically and economically when they unified under the emperor Kin Shih Hunting and more recently under the communist party. This illustrates a very basic and click principle of two are stronger than one, but is one many developing entries refuse to accept due largely to self-serving interests. This conundrum is likely most prevalent in the Middle-East and Africa where basically the same cultural wars have been waged since ancient times.Given the relatively most economically severe nature of the latter coupled with the proportionally greatest amount of aid sent there, the stakes are the highest. The evidence from recent surveys of attitudes across nine African countries by Aftermarket is not encouraging. It is found that if people are educated they are more likely to identify themselves through their ethnicity. So development, with the attendant education, Jobs, and electoral competition, is change magnitude the salience of ethnic diversity rather than erasing it. (Collier, 2009).So despite overall improvement of these developing countries, democracy still faces a disturbingly poor outlook. Despite any inclination so far to the contrary, capitalism is still necessary for a country to facilit ate democracy regardless of any ethnic ties that will remain. It will lift the economic tide of the given country, and more importantly give collective identity through the societys pursuit of better fiscal welfare. As it stands, African evolving countries are far from self-sufficient let completely ripe for producing democracy. The resulting reduced need to tax has been reinforced by aid in the typical country of the bottom billion the government gets around a third of its expenditure needs met by aid The current Uganda president Missives has deviated from his previous tyrannical leaders in that he realizes that in order to have a strong army one must must have a strong economy. (Collier, 2009). conjugated with Americans instant society, capitalism raised the income of the average citizen throughout the countrys history and prevented any one entity from ruling the gate or forcing its hand political (with a few exceptions of course).When the economy is healthy enough to support a widespread computer access in developing countries,The use of Sits (Information and Communication Technologies) can lead to accountability in democratic elections. (Modern Democracy, 2010). However, neoclassical capitalism will not suit the country seeking democracy, especially given their ethnic circumstances regulation is necessary to ensure that the market doesnt become corrupt or unstable as is the case with so many African countries (and notably the United States in the recent financial crisis).As for the argument that regulation stifles innovation, Stilling cited former Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Blocker, who said its hard to attain any evidence from anybody whos not in the industry that can show any clear radio link between the so-called financial innovations and increased productivity in our economy. (CNN, 2010). Here the relationship between ethnic identity and capitalism becomes even more important the population of a developing country must not think simply for t hemselves, but for what they believe is the betterment of their country as a totally given that Racket is not one individual Robinson Crusoe does not make for much of an economy. (Smith, 2010). So given capitalism and ethnic identity, we now have two strong ingredients for the recipe of democracy, but how do we make developing countries go by the recipe? Any tactful parent knows the best kind of method acting to get your kid to do what you want is through incentives or misleading rather than direct confirmatory punishment. In this line of thinking I propose two solutions one that Ive up with myself and one I am borrowing from one of my sources.The first is a leader of a leader or group of adders coming together using the old adage of an enemy of my enemy is my friend in that larger groups paint each other as the devil and consolidate their political sovereignty in Africa into two to three larger states. The leader(s) hopefully will understand this strategy is merely for politic al purposes and in turn practice enough restraint to prevent the whole from barring all contact with each other. The would reject much of the ethnic conflict by saying look how much we have in common given that these people dont truly understand our collective struggles. This is no bout at least a mite idealistic as managing ethnic conflicts that have lasted for centuries through a one of the biggest escapades of charm the world has ever known would be a task not suited for the current political leaders of developing countries. The second strategy is one the author Paul Collier suggests is positive reinforcement in the form of international military intervention not the kind thats most thought of though. In developing countries governments, especially newly formed ones, the first thing they fear is military upheaval or coups De soft diet so what is it that theyd want most the prevention of them.Basically what he proposes is that the international partnership lay out a list of r ules for democracy that a given country has to follow and in return they will protect them from any sort of military coup. To support his theory, Collier goes through a test game tree diagram where all the possible scenarios that could occur in response to this proposal would all end up in at least one or some the countries agreeing to this proposal. The latter would take place because nobody wants to be the only ones on the chopping block by themselves.Furthermore, Collier suggests that coups need to be harnessed, not eliminated (Collier, 2009). The international community can then guide countries into democracies through protection and support of viable leaders who want to see the process through. Requires meticulous manipulation and time, while the latter basically is forcing democracy through non-democratic means. Unfortunately, response to this rebuke comes down to saying, Mimi got a better idea? Within a time frame of 20-25 years, I believe democracy is certainly achievable through means such as the ones I suggest or variations of it otherwise.Following the end of the Cold War, the developed worlds made almost all the mistakes possible in the handling of evolving countries they either intervened too much militarily or not enough (Rwanda). Another strategy, bridled with or instead of the former, would be centered around ramping up the amount of aid that developing countries are so heavily reliant on in exchange for a structured system on how it is spent. Further-along democracies such as Thailand or India could benefit from these programs as well.Plus, as these maturing democracies develop, they will be given more say and weight when traffic with international matters a kind of recognition they likely feel is long overdue. Much of the Western world needs to stop treating these countries like they are simply children (or at least dont let them think that you are). The Democracy that Americans enjoy is an exception, not the standard. Many of the protec tions economic standards that Westerners employ need to be disbanded to support global financial growth and in turn, a more healthy domestic economy.Compassion and self-interest need not be enemies, however, helping developing countries make the feasible transition to democracy requires a genuine altruism thats not often seen in political endeavors. Being that Im no economic or political expert, I almost feel that writing this paper is pointless outside of a grade because managing this subject successfully is something that requires an entire career, but in a message that needs to be transmitted to the entire developed world we need to start somewhere.

Changing Self Essay

The texts studied in the Area of Study use up been very signifi stubt in shaping my understanding of the concept of Changing Self. The unexampled Willow tree diagram and chromatic, written by Irini Savvides, the short film Be My brother (directed by Genevieve Clay, 2009) and the film About A boy (directed by capital of Minnesota and Chris Weitz, 2002), while different in form and cultural contexts, declare both affirmed and ch entirelyenged a range of ideas more or less Changing Self. One significant that these texts explore reflecting the complexity of ever- changing self-importance is that a change in self can involve a shift whether physical, emotional, loving or intellectual change.Further, the texts explore the idea that a change in self can be aidd by an external catalyst. The novel Willow Tree and Olive by Irini Savvides explores the idea that changing self can involve a shift whether physical, emotional, and social or an intellectual change. Initially, Olive has un dergo nearly trauma in her past, and only has brief recollections of it. She feels different from others and is detached from her family and friends because of the trauma. This is presented with the nightmares she recalls from the night of her rape Its a memory like a flashback, and Im in it. The use of the simile reflects the display case that took place upon her and recalls what happens. later throughout the novel, Olive has a new appreciation for her family and friends. This is reflected through, Dance. Watch people. Go for walks. deliver poetry in my head. And I fall in love. With my people and their passion for life, and their acceptance of me, even though I am different. Here, Olive brings to the realisation that the people, who she loves, support her even throughout the horror and change she has experienced because of her past.Thus, a change in self can involve a shift and is clearly present through the novel Willow Tree and Olive by Irini Savvides. Likewise, the fi lm About A Boy (Paul and Chris Weitz, 2002) similarly explores the idea of changing self-involving a shift through a social and intellectual change. The main character, Will Freeman, is a rich, childfree and irresponsible 38-year-old slacker who, in search of available women, invents an imaginary son and starts tending single parent meetings.Initially, Will is a self-centred person who is unable to connect with people and being scared by commitment and love. Through cinematography, the montage of scenes of women Will has been out on a run into with and also a connection with sentences convey the personality Will has, Im sorry, youre suspension up with me? You, self-centred bastard, I cant believe I have wasted all this time with you, you useless superficial loser. On the contrary, as Will meets Marcus, an awkward 12-year-old boy his view on life changes through a series of events. Once you open your door to one person, anyone can come in. This conveys that as he has let Marcu s come into his life, more people are invited and he begins to make friends and have a closer bond with each of them. In addition, he has changed his view towards people which demonstrates social change. As a result, the film, About A Boy directed by Paul and Chris Weitz demonstrates that a change in self involves a shift, particularly a social and intellectual change. Another idea explored in the novel Willow Tree and Olive is that an external catalyst can facilitate a change in self.The catalyst of Olive is Kerry who is her mentor in helping her through the trauma she has suffered. Initially, Olive is afraid of what Kerry go forth say if she told her about her traumatic past and if she will have a different view about Olive. She attempts to trust Kerry by telling her I CANT BELIEVE I SAID IT. WHAT IF KERRY never SPEAKS TO ME AGAIN BUT IT IS THE TRUTH. Through the use of capitalisation, it shows that Olive is conscious and anxious about what she has told Kerry. She also is reflec ting upon what she has verbalize and in disbelief about how and why she had told her.Later in the novel, Olive begins to trust her friend Kerry that is shown through I wouldnt have made it without your love. Olive shows an appreciation for her friend Kerry and it is evidence of Kerrys support for Olive through her past trauma through her affection towards Olive. Thus, it is evident that an external catalyst can facilitate a change in self. Similarly the short film Be My Brother (Genevieve Clay, 2009) explores the idea of changing self being facilitated by an external catalyst. Initially, Amanda is in insularity and has a disconnection with Richard because she acts negatively towards him through body linguistic communication.Amandas posture is averted away from Richard and her facial expression with discomfort. In addition, Amanda and Richard are framed singularly and the proximity of their seating Richard is on far left hand side of the seat and Amanda in the opposite. Later in t he film, her previous assumptions about Richards intellect have been challenged and proven incorrect. This is characterised through the juxtaposition of Richard and Amanda in the same frame as well as the change in Amandas body language her facial expression is positive as she is miling and she is facing Richard as they both converse. Thus, the short film, Be My Brother directed by Genevieve Clay, 2009 clearly demonstrates the idea of changing self being facilitated by an external catalyst. In conclusion, the range of texts I have studied have been influential in shaping my understanding about the concept of changing self, emphasising that changing self is a complex process that is highly individual and molded by many factors which can be both internal and external.The texts, Willow Tree and Olive by Irini Savvides, Be My Brother directed by Genevieve Clay, 2009 and About A Boy directed by Paul and Chris Weitz, 2002 explore a range of ideas such as a change in self can be facilitate d by an external catalyst and it can also involve a shift whether physical, emotional, social or intellectual. The texts have assisted me to appreciate that there are various methods, which may be complex, that fall by the wayside an individual to change self.