Butterflies Essays - Insect Anatomy, Lepidoptera, Butterfly

Butterflies BUTTERFLIES: Butterflies are flying insects, which comprise the order Lepidoptera with. There are about 15,000 to 20,000 kinds of butterflies. Butterflies are holometobore insects. The largest butterfly ever found is the Queen Alexandra's butterfly. Scientific and non-scientific vocabulary words which must be learned before reading this section in alphabetical order: Abdomen: (noun) 1. The part of the body in mammals, that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. 2. In arthropods the major part of the body behind the thorax. Appendage: (noun) (1. Something attached to a larger entity.) 2. A subordinate or derivative bodily part Conceal: (verb) to keep from observation, discovery, or understanding. Exceedingly: (adj.) Extreme. Minuscule: (adj.) Minute. Omatidea: Proboscis: (noun: plural). A long, flexible snout. Pollinator =* Pollinate: (verb) to fertilize by transferring pollen from an anther to a stigma of. Pheromone: Simultaneously: (adj.) Happening, existing, or done at the same time. Spherical: (noun) 1. A three-dimensional surface all the points of which are equidistant from a fixed point. (2. Ball.) Spiracle: Stimulate: (verb) stir Thorax: Valve: (noun) 1. A membranous bodily structure that retards or prevents the return flow of a fluid (2A. A mechanical device that regulates gas or liquid flow by blocking and uncovering openings. 2B. The movable control element of such a device. 2C. A device in a brass wing instrument that permits change in pitch through rapid variation of the air column in a value. (noun) 1. A fair equivalent or return for something. 2. Monetary or material worth.) MODULE 1:Butterfly Physiology Butterflies are insects, which belong to order Lepidoptera. Their body divides into three segments: abdomen, head and thorax. Usually adult butterflies contain antennae, compound eyes, six pair of legs and a hard exoskeleton with their head, thorax and abdomen. Also micro sensory hairs cover butterflies' outer bodies and scales cover the wings, which is rarely seen. Now let's get back to our body segments. The most important parts of the head are: 1.antennae 2.eyes 3.proboscis Antennae: The antennae are used for two important jobs: $ It's used for balance in flight. Because butterflies have fragile (breakable) wings, they can easily be worn out in daily use and when they are attacked by other species, which attack their wings rather than their body. When this happens, a butterfly can keep flying because of their antennae fix its balance. $ They are also helpful for the sense of smell. Female butterflies release kind of scents (pheromones) into the air which male butterflies can detect even from 2 kilometers away. These scents help the butterflies to find and mate each other. Eyes: Eyes are very big and spherical organs in butterflies. Butterflies have compound eyes ?containing thousands of hexagonal shaped omatidea.?* Each omatidea (or minuscule sensor) is located at a small different angle from the others. They are directed in every direction so they're able to see every direction simultaneously. But because of this advantage, nature gave the butterflies a big disadvantage: they have exceedingly small brain and omni-vision, which enables them to focus: the clearest vision they can see is blurred. Butterflies' eyes are sensitive to three basic visions: 1.light 2.movement (motion) 3.and color Butterflies can separate night from day, but cannot distinguish (ex.) red from purple. They don't have enough ability to specify who or what is in front of them. *From http://www.butterflyfarm.co.cr/farmer/bfly2.htm Proboscis: Butterflies' feeding mechanism is a long double-barreled tube, which is named as ?proboscis'. They feed with liquid substances, so their mouths are shaped like a straw. People generally think of butterflies as feeding from different kinds of nectars, but they also include mud, cow dung, water and tree sap in their diets. Thorax: The thorax is the middle part of the body, which connects the appendages (four wings and six legs). $ The butterflies' ears are located in the thorax, also. They're made of tight membranes, which is similar to the human eardrum. Just under the membranes, there are hairs but they cannot be seen from outside. The membrane vibrates when a sound wave hits the membrane, which leads the membrane to touch the hairs. Then, the hairs sense the vibration so they send a message to the brain indicating the location of the sound. Abdomen: Abdomen is also a very important part of a butterfly's body. It includes the respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems. $ Respiratory system: Because butterflies feed liquid substances, the only thing they excrete is

Animal Management assignment Essays

Animal Management assignment Essays Animal Management assignment Essay Animal Management assignment Essay Risk assessment for chicken transportation from a farm to a slaughter house (2 of 2) 12. References 13. References Free range chicken management system Introduction Poultry is one of the most popular meat products in the I-J. EX. marketing rules require that free-range poultry farming allows chickens to run free giving them a chance to spend at least half of their day in the open air. European marketing standards require that free-range chickens have access to an open-air run in the day time in the night time chickens are let inside to protect them from predators. The birds should have the option to go inside when weather conditions are bad. In a free-range management system a chickens life span is longer than caged chickens, it also causes less stress to chickens in comparison to any other management system. This system requires minimal Costs, but moralities due to predators are quite high (Amelia J. G. 1999). Free-range chickens have an additional opportunity to show their natural behavior. It gives them more space for exercising and they are able to get natural sunlight (DEFRAY 2001). Access outdoors reduces the level of ridding for birds that choose to stay inside. Also more space and enrichment prevents chickens from cannibalism and feather pecking. Housing EX. marketing laws require that free-range chickens have access to open-air runs for at least half of their lives. There must be at least alma of range per bird. (Compassion in World Farming March 2013) Substrate in the shelter needs to be straw like or wood shavings; this is so chickens can display their natural behavior such as digging, dust bathing, pecking etc. Outside substrate has to be free draining and covered mainly in vegetation (DEFRAY 001 ), (Fig. 1). The area has to have some enrichment for birds like trees, bushes, hay piles etc. The roost must provide shade from the sun shelter from the wind and aerial predators, real or apparent (planes, other vehicles, humans etc. ). The building has to have plenty of open access for chickens to go in and out as desired. The housing needs to have easy access in all weather conditions for vehicles to park for bird transfers. Fig 1. Free-range chicken farm (Mutton p. 2006) Ventilation The shelter must have natural automatic ventilation control (side vents along he length of the housing, above the windows). The ventilation system needs to function so the air change rate is adequate to remove the heat from the building during hot weather. This is referred to as the maximum ventilation rate. During periods of low ventilation cold weather it needs to be able to remove stale/unpleasant air and humidity (minimum ventilation rate). Confirm and draught free distribution of air within the building is important. (DEFRAY Publications, 2001) Ventilation can be produced by natural forces or by powered fans (Fig. 2), either way the birds need to have the right enraptures at all times. Good ventilation is essential, especially in the summer time when weather gets hot. If ventilation is poor the birds might overheat, this could lead to stress and in the worst case, death. Ventilation helps to lower ammonia levels in closed areas; it also provides fresh air and reduces unpleasant doors. Fig. 2 Building ventilation system (SHEIKH, F. 2012) Layout feeders perches other equipment It is essential for feeders, drinkers, nest boxes and perches to have the right layout, Otherwise it could cause stress lower production. Feeders and drinkers (as shown in a Fig. ) are installed along the entire roost; this gives a chance for every chicken to have access to food and water. This layout reduces chances of starvation and dehydration. Perches should be arranger in such a way that chickens can freely move between them and other equipment, if not the birds could get hurt. Moreover, if the birds were to get damaged it could compromise the resale of the product. All equipment should be mobile and easy to move/remove for cleaning or when gathering the birds for transportation. Lighting Lighting needs to be designed and installed evenly throughout the building etc reduce an equal amount of artificial and natural light. For health and safety reasons the lighting system must be raised high enough so that the birds cannot reach peck it. Conclusion Free-range farming is beneficial for birds and consumers. For chickens it means that they will have slightly longer, healthier and more fulfilled life. Moreover, it provides higher quality welfare along with opportunities to go outside and roam, whilst offering a more enriched life inside. Slower growing bird breeds with access to open-air produces less but better fat and a higher quality product (RASPS, 201 1). Free range farming is beneficial to the consumer as the birds receive higher welfare, tend to be higher quality product, reasonably priced and are kept in an environment that is more natural. There are many issues surrounding the sustainability of agriculture, including restoration of habitats, improving soil health and water quality. The unsustainable practices that are uneaten have an ill effect on the aforementioned and the environment as a whole. The world population is growing at a fast rate which leads to the demand of agricultural commodities. Moreover, this leads for a call to action in sustainable agriculture management to support demands, an area of concern is water control. Water is the life blood of agriculture and wildlife alike, poor water management can have an impact on crop grow/regeneration to habitat disruption. An example of poor water management affecting crops is in the Irish grasslands, the grasslands have poorly drained soil which impedes the growth and yield of crops. To resolve the issues surrounding this area it has been suggested to improve the natural flow of the water off of the land by creating properly managed hedgerows, wetlands and buffer zones. Therefore, creating a lance that can see the sustainability of wildlife and crops equally, rather than only focusing on the yield of crops alone. Another area that is causing concern in agricultural water management sustainability is the impact it is having on the habitat of wildlife in general. Agriculture has a deep impact on the water resources within watersheds. When wildlife habitats are converted into agricultural land the effects alter the diversion of water, through the use of pesticides and removal of plants/water etc. To sustain these habitats plant diversity and water sources in the agricultural surrounding areas should be maintained, this will support a diversity of wildlife. The sustainability of wildlife and agriculture go hand in hand, if a natural ecosystem is upheld in the surrounding areas it could provide a natural source of pest management. In a world that the population could reach 9 billion by 2050, demand must equal supply. The requirement for agricultural sustainability is fundamental for the future of the environment and human demand. An ongoing strategy must be implemented and upheld to conquer the issues that are present, this will help ensure demand is met but not adversely affecting wildlife or the environment in the process. Agricultures deep connections to the world economy, human societies and biodiversity make it one of the most important frontiers for conservation around the globe. (World Wildlife Fund 2015) Zoo management nationally and internationally The diagram above is a tree structure of coordination in zoo management. The following will describe each organization and outline their activities: CNN International Union for the Conservation of Nature or World Union for the Conservation Of Nature. The JINN is responsible for valuing and conserving nature, it also provides information to attempt to solve major sues in climate change, food and overall development. GAZA The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria is a community that ensures that its zoo members throughout Europe uphold the highest standard of care. This relates to breeding and protecting endangered species. PEP The European Endangered species Programmer has workers collecting vital information on endangered species. They present a plan to ensure the species are protected and are managed correctly in the future. ESP. The European StudBook keeps data on all births, deaths and transfers of animals in Europe. This data can be used to advise zoos on how to manage healthier environment if required. TAGS Taxonomic Action Groups advises on how captive rearing should be managed and what space should be allocated for each species, alongside conservation. PIZZA British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquaria is an organization that represents the zoo and aquaria community in Britain and Ireland, it provides a voice for its members. WAS -? World Association for Zoos and Aquaria encourages relationships between zoological gardens and aquariums with the intent of promoting the highest level animal welfare, it also represents both communities. ISIS International Species Information System is a medium for international sharing of knowledge of animal species in animal management and conservation. Sims Zoological Information Management Systems goal is to improve local care by promoting population health and international conservation. SPARKS Single Population Animal Records Keeping System analyzes, records and manages the animal data, usually its focus is a single species. ARKS Animal Record Keeping System collects key data on animals in zoos to provide a management inventory. Medusas Medical Animal Record Keeping System works with ARKS to link he animal inventory to medical records. This data can be used to provide medical care advice and when tests are required. Animal identification methods Identification method Animals the method can be used on Application Use Implications for the welfare of the animals Ringing/ banding Wild domesticated birds. Small, individually numbered/marked metal or plastic tags are put on to the leg or wing of the bird. To identify individual birds, to track bird migration population. Causes stress in the process of catching and ringing/banding. Ear tagging Domestic livestock: cattle, sheep, pigs goats. Two plastic or metal tags that have identical numbers are joined through animals ear. To identify individual animals, to record and trace their life since the moment they are born to their death. The procedure might cause stress and pain. Freeze branding Horses cattle. The iron is cooled to a temperature of between -160 to -ICC. The branding iron is then pressed onto a shaved patch of skin on the animal. Is manly used by farmers to identify animal ownership. Causes pain and stress. Marking is permanent. Ear punching Mainly rodents. Could be used on cats and dogs. Using a special punch to produce a small notch in the animals ear. To identify rodents. Mainly used in laboratories. Causes pain, stress and is permanent. The Microchip Cats, dogs rabbits. The Microchip is implanted under an animals skin. To identify lost pets or other animals. Can cause stress, pain and is Permanent. Chip might move under the skin. Identification collars Companion animals. The collar is placed around the neck with important contact information. To identify individual animals, helps to find the owners of lost animals. Can be easily lost. Can cause damage to the animal or suffocation. Acoustic tag Fish.

This is a OH&S and Risk Management subject. The assignment brief will

This is a OH&S and Risk Management subject. The brief will be send by file .pdf - Assignment Example This report includes a detailed description of the location and activities of the venue. It also identifies the pertinent legal requirement connected with the jurisdiction. Additionally, it asserts the macro, micro and management of risk context. The second section identifies analyses and evaluates risk connected with the trip (Hopkin, 2010). The risks are analyzed in terms of their location, people and physical environment. Subsequently, the report describes the risk control which includes the management level policy and guidelines needed to manage the risks utilizing options of risk treatment. This includes the prevention, risk reduction, removing and avoiding risk source. 1 2 Risk Context Statement The process outlines the risks that, in case an emergency occurs, would constitute a coordinated and significant response within the outlined procedures and guidelines. It contains the detailed activity and location description, relevant legal needs and the management context of macro, micro and risk (Risk management 2009). 2.1 Activity and Location Sydney Marathon will take place on Sunday 22nd September 2013. The participants will run for 42.195Km The event will start at 7:25am for wheelchairs and 7:30am for normal people. The start line cut off will be 7:40 am. For slower walkers, runners or joggers I will be crucial to be in their right group. The groups will be seeded in reference to their expected finish line. The final start group comprises of all the wheelchairs and Prams. The timing will not be interfered because the timing will record starting time and finishing time. This will allow the group to enjoy the event at their own pace and offer the best possible outcome. Various drink stations will be set up providing services such as water, toilet, elite drinks, GU, and Powerade. The marathon will be held at the Sydney International Regatta Centre. The marathon will celebrate the great outdoors, healthy lifestyle , and active communities. The marathon will c onsist of marathon, half-marathon. Family Fun Run and Lap the Lake. 2.2 Legal Requirements Sydney marathon has legal requirements in terms of age and distance of participation. The minimum age of the participants either 16 or 18 years of age. There will also be underage children ( those under 16 years). It is therefore recommended for the children to wait until they attain the required age. Although it is quite unknown on the implication of marathon to underage, the experts have recommended them waiting until they attain puberty. Most doctors recommend children to avoid long distance because of trauma and can lead to bone doings. When someone trains for a marathon, it is normally tough mentally and physically, exhausting and time consuming. Therefore, underage it is highly possible to affect someones priorities such as education. Before someone embarks on the long distance/marathon, it is suggested top run 10ks or even 4ks. Therefore, completing the race would be a major boost (Crou hy ,Galai & Mark, 2000). 3 Ages The age categories scheduled to attend the trip are limitless. Those under the age of 18years need the consent of their parents to attend the trip. The age categories scheduled for the trip will be grouped as 18-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 70-74, and 75+. The trip will offer the fitness device to those people falling

Researching gender and crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Researching gender and crime - Essay Example This paper, incidentally will be concerned with evaluating and giving a detailed analysis of the research in two stages: stage one will look into summarizing the entire research work while stage two will be on an evaluation of the research based on the methodology. Research in Criminology is often described as an investigation often conducted on any phenomenon that is linked to any or all existing aspects of the criminal justice system (Dantzker and Hunter, 2012).Therefore, any research that pertains to criminology should bear themes that pertain to criminal acts, the social justice, offenders, legal or illegal actions to mention but a few. In the article, the research was carried out on five male ex-offenders who attempted to give a description of their distinct experiences of life after prison; this in itself already qualifies the research with reference to its appropriateness in Criminology. There is also a need to understand that research in Criminology is often divided into two: applied research and basic research; in this particular research, applied research has been incorporated as it focuses on one particular issue, the ex-offenders’ status and how it impacts self and gives implications of the effects top foster change. To know if at all the research is valid; it is necessary to contextualize how it was conducted in light of how criminological research should be carried out. To begin with, the research problem is clearly defined in terms of what the study intends to look into which are the experiences that the ex-prisoners go through after leaving prison specifically in terms of employment, self-change and identity. Objectives in research are detrimental as they give the researcher a sense of direction; in the study the objective is captured under the purpose of study, which is to understand the experience of

My Ethnic Group Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Ethnic Group - Assignment Example But one can see that the second or third generation of the Hispanics shows keen interest to socialize with other races. Besides, almost all the Hispanics show the keen interest of life in urban areas. One can see that culture is considered as most important in exile life. This is absolutely true about the Hispanic group from the Caribbean islands. We are Hispanics, basically from the city of Santiago, situated in the Dominican Republic. Our family consists of father (Victor), mother (Elida), elder brother (Jarion), younger brother (Victor Jr.) and myself. As we are away from our motherland, we used to keep close relation with each other. For instance, we were forced to move to Puerto Rico but close relationship with our family helped us to enjoy our life without further problems. Besides, shifting our family from Santiago did not affect the education of younger members of our family. One can see that immigration to a new nation helps the younger generation to grab new opportunities in life. For instance, our family decided to immigrate to America. So, we happened to reach Boston, Massachusetts. Besides, my family gave much more importance to education and career opportunities in America. Our family settled in South End, Massachusetts and I joined Charlestown High School. The scope of education and career opportunities for Hispanics in America is high. For instance, I graduated from Brighton High School and joined Massachusetts Bay Community College for higher studies. So, one can see that immigration helped our family a lot to grab opportunities in the American society. Apart from some initial adjustment problems, our family faced fewer problems related to prejudice, segregation or racism. As pointed out earlier, the multicultural characteristics of American society accepted us to its core. One can see that racial and ethnic diversity in American society is most helpful for immigrants from different parts of the world.

Issues with Business-to-consumer E-commerce

Issues with Business-to-consumer E-commerce Introduction: The long-term prosperity of business-to-consumer e-commerce depends upon the existence of consumers confidence and the availability of adequate supporting legal framework with effective means of enforcement. Because of the technological development e-commerce industry is growing with enormous speed. Majority of consumers prefer to buy products online and make electronic transactions with companies situated outside their national boundaries. The expansive use of e-commerce and the existence of complex legal framework necessitate that efforts should be made to introduce new means of enforcing Business to Consumer e-contracts and disputes resolution across state borders. This research work will mainly concentrate upon the existing issues in enforcing business to consumer e-contracts across national borders. These include the issue of jurisdiction, the issue of applicable law and the issue of enforcement. Furthermore it will evaluate thoroughly the need for new means of disputes resolution in cross border B2C e-commerce transactions. It will further assess the potentials of B2C e-commerce disputes resolution through internal complaint handling mechanism and direct contact with business. It will also evaluate the Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms, such as facilitative ADR, Advisory ADR, Determinative ADR, Combined ADR etc and will recommend how these forms of disputes resolution can be effectively implemented on national level and to be of binding nature. basic principle such as equality, fair treatment, affordability, Awareness about the ADR principles, accessibility to ADR mechanism, finality and rapidness of ADR process, and objectives of ADR. The research work will further analyse the concept of ADR in legal perspective and will suggest that what efforts should be made on international, regional and national level to promote the use and development of ADR, particularly in disputes arising out of cross-border transactions. It will take into consideration various legislative and other legal instruments i.e. European Union Directive on Electronic Commerce, OECD E-commerce Guidelines, European Commission Recommendations 1998, European Commission Recommendations 2001, International Chamber of Commerce best practices, ADR Guidelines 2003, International Consumer groups and International Businesses groups, and EEJ-NET etc and will suggest if necessary amendments are needed. The research work will also focus on the current obstacles in the expansion of ADR mechanism, such as unawareness of businesses and consumers of ADR process and its benefits, Lack of trained and educated specialist in dispute resolution, cultural and linguistic issues Due to cross-border nature of e-commerce, and jurisdictional and procedural issues resulting from the multi-national nature of e-commerce etc. Moreover this research will propose certain recommendations that how the current obstacles may be removed to paved a way for an effective dispute resolution system, compatible with the need of time, such as making of legislation on international, regional and national level to determine the issue of jurisdiction, applicable law and enforcement of judgement, making efforts by the governments to create awareness and educate people about the effective means of enforcing their rights and resolving disputes, the creation of independent bodies and institutions on international, regional and national level to deal with e-contracts enforcement and disputes resolution, the encouragement of both traditional and modern mechanisms of disputes resolution, the availability of internal complaint handling department in every business etc. Aim and objectives: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the existing issues in cross-border Business-to-Consumers ecommerce transactions. Specifically the research focuses on judicial obstacles, such as the issue of jurisdiction, applicable law, and enforcement. This study further suggests that what could be the best alternatives to address these issues and increase consumers confidence in online shopping. Hypothesis: According to my hypothesis the following are the main issues inherent in resolving business-to-consumers cross-borders ecommerce disputes. Issue of jurisdiction: The first and the most important issue in B2C ecommerce dispute is the issue of Jurisdiction. When a consumer in one country purchase a product online in another country and subsequently a dispute arises between the parties and consumer wants to seek judicial remedy, than in such case a question arises that which court is having territorial jurisdiction to entertain the matter. Applicable law: The matter of applicable law in ecommerce is another considerable issue. It is very difficult to determine that under which legal system or under what law the matter should be dealt with. Issue of enforcement: The issue of enforcement also needs to be addressed. In resolving business-to-consumers ecommerce dispute it is unclear that how and where the judgement may be enforced. Literature review: Literature review literally means a review of whatever has already been written by different scholars about the existing research topic, and than to demonstrate that the existing research is deficient and needs some supplementing. In todays advance technology the use of ecommerce is increasing. â€Å"Between 2004 and 2008, in EU the use of shopping through internet increased from 22% to 34%. In the UK in 2008, 57% consumers did online shopping, in Germany, Denmark and Netherlands the figure remained above 50%. In Estonia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy and Portugal the figure was respectively 10%, while in Romania and Bulgaria it was about 4%†. Although e-commerce is increasing at national level, it is still comparatively unusual for consumers to participate in cross-borders transactions. Consequently the gape between interstate and cross-border e-commerce is expanding. From 2006 to 2008, in EU the figure of online consumers increased from 27% to 33% while cross-border e-commerce remained still at 6% to 7%. On national level â€Å"laws that apply to traditional or off line commerce apply equally in an electronic environment. For instance laws governing business incorporation, registration, taxation, consumer protection, deceptive advertising, product safety and standards, criminal code, inter-provincial trade treaties, intellectual property and liability apply on the internet†. But when the matter goes beyond the territorial boundaries and involves another state than the situation changes completely and gives rise to uncertainty and ambiguity. In an ordinary civil matter the territorial jurisdiction of civil court may be determined on three factors i.e. where the parties reside, where the cause of action arises or where the property is situated. But when any dispute arises out of any electronic transaction that takes place across national borders, the first question arises that which court is having jurisdiction to entertain the matter. So it is very difficult to decide the jurisdiction and competency of the court. For instance, it is if an issue arises out of cross-border e-commerce transaction and the consumer wants to seek judicial remedy than in that case whether the court of consumers country will entertain the matter or it will come under the territorial jurisdiction of the court where the business is situated. According to Scott Cooper, â€Å"in resolving cross-border complaints it is very difficult to determine the matter of jurisdiction. Consumers are confident to resort to the courts of the countries where the businesses are based and in return the businesses will not be keen regarding trans-border transactions that could subject them to the reach of every country where there online customers resides†. Scott Cooper further states that â€Å"different levels have been established by different governments to protect and enforce consumer rights, but there are no international documents or agreements to determine the fact that which country is having jurisdiction to deal with cross-border B2C dispute†. Furthermore it is also very difficult to determine that under which legal system or under what law the matter should be resolved. There is no apparent legislation to conclude that whether the law of consumers state will apply or the matter should be governed by the law of the state where the business is based or it should be dealt with by an international legal system on uniform basis irrespective of geographic location. Similarly it is also unclear that how and where the judgement regarding the subject matter may be enforced. According to Chin Eang Ong â€Å"in a traditional marketplace, consumers knows means of enforcing their rights, but in electronic marketplace in an online transaction, delegating liability and providing access for redress might be a problem for consumers. A transaction is curable when it takes place within a single jurisdiction i.e. access to local court, but e-commerce is borderless and recourse to courts in any cross-border electronic transaction is complicated by difficulty jurisdiction over such dispute and the applicable law†. According to Mohamed S. Wahab because of technological advancement transactions are taking place in an online environment across national borders, where disputes are inevitable. Some of these disputes are unique to the e-commerce environment. Therefore it needs an effective mechanism of dispute resolution. Keeping in view the existing obstacles in resolving business-to-consumer cross-border e-commerce disputes resolution it is inevitable to consider substitute means to protect the rights of the parties and encourage them to participate in cross-border e-commerce. Some international and regional organizations have proposed that cross-border e-commerce disputes should be resolved through internal complaint system. For instance â€Å"the OECD ecommerce guidelines†, â€Å"the UN guidelines†, and â€Å"the Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation Voluntary Online Consumer Protection guidelines† recommend the establishment of fair, effective and transparent internal mechanisms for businesses and consumers representatives in order to address consumer complaints and resolve their queries in fair and timely manner without imposing undue burden or cost upon consumers. When dispute between the parties can not be resolved through internal complaint handling mechanism than the parties should be given access to Alternative Dispute Resolution, as it can offer timely, efficient and cost-effective instrument to resolve cross-border disputes. Alternative Disputes Resolution is a mechanism other than judicial determination, whereby disputes are resolved through the medium of impartial third party by adopting different ways and means. When ADR takes place through internet than it is called Online Disputes Resolution. There is an extensive choice of ADR mechanisms. The most commonly used mechanisms are â€Å"arbitration†, â€Å"mediation† and â€Å"negotiation†. National Alternative Dispute Resolution Advisory Council (NADRAC) uses the term ADR in a broader sense. According to NADRAC submission â€Å"ADR mechanisms is consist of facilitative ADR, advisory ADR, determinative ADR, and some time the combination of these mechanisms†. According to UN report, the main challenge in e-commerce industry is how to resolve cross-border e-commerce disputes. Traditional methods of resolving disputes may not provide an efficient and effective remedy; therefore there is a need for considering alternative means that would provide speedy and cost efficient redress to the parties. Dr. Moira Patterson has adopted the same view. She states that there are two issues involved in e-commerce i.e. which law should govern cross-border transaction and that such transactions should either be subjected to national laws or should be dealt with by international instruments. In such circumstances Alternative Disputes Resolution offers a cost-effective and speedy solution through the medium of third party. According to Lilian Edwards and Caroline Wilson, â€Å"Online Dispute resolution introduces very powerful and efficient tools for dispute resolution and increases access to redress mechanisms. ODR is an efficient, fast, and cheap way of dispute resolution, Court costs are beyond the means of most consumers and takes twenty to thirty months, while ODR process may take few hours or days†. To look at the concept of Alternative Disputes Resolution in legal perspective, efforts have been made on international, regional and national level to encourage the use and development of Alternative Dispute Resolution, particularly in disputes arising out of cross-border transactions. But they do not have any binding effects. It is a discretionary option for the states to apply and adopt them in their national laws. For instance, Art 17 of the EU Directive on Electronic Commerce deals with out-of-court dispute settlement. â€Å"The Article imposes responsibility upon member states to support those bodies that are responsible for out-of-court disputes settlement of consumer to operate in a way which provides sufficient practical guarantees for the concerned parties. And that the member states shall ensure that their legislation does not obstruct the use of out-of-court methods, accessible under the state law, for dispute settlement†. According to OECD E-commerce Guidelines, â€Å"consumers should be given access to fair and timely ADR and remedy without undue cost or burden. And that Businesses, consumer representatives and governments should work jointly to continue to use and develop just, efficient, and transparent self-regulatory and other strategies and measures, including ADR mechanisms, to address consumer complaints and resolve their disputes arising out of Business-to-consumer electronic commerce in cross-border transactions†. Similarly the European Commission issued recommendations in 1998 which prescribes principles of independence, transparency, adversarial proceedings, effectiveness, legality, liberty, and representation for out-of-court consumers disputes settlement. Furthermore â€Å"Recommendations issued by European Commission in 2001 governs out-of-court procedures which lead to a settlement between the parties by common consent. It prescribes four principles i.e. impartiality, transparency, effectiveness, and fairness of procedure in-order to encourage consumers confidence in e-commerce and to ensure easy access to practical, effective, and inexpensive means of redress†. Moreover the International Chamber of Commerce has issued best practices for ODR. It provides guidance for online businesses and for ODR providers. It encourages businesses to resolve consumer disputes through the medium of Online Disputes Resolution mechanism when the matter can not be resolved internally. ADR Guidelines 2003 agreed between Consumers International and the Global Business Dialogue on Electronic Commerce. â€Å"These guidelines prescribe recommendations for ADR providers on impartiality and qualification of personnel, accessibility and convenience, speed, cost, transparency, representation, applicable rules and consumer awareness. It also recommends to governments to address international rules on jurisdiction and applicable law and to adopt different measures to promote increased use and development of ADR†. Methodology: In research methodology I will pursue triangulation method by adopting both quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative (interviews) research methodologies. The main reason behind using various methods of research is that â€Å"it facilitates the validation of data through cross verification from more than two sources. In particular it refers to the application and combination of several research methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon†. Sampling: In selecting my respondents I will use both probability sampling method and non-probability sampling method. In probability sampling method I will choose my respondents from a list of potential people that I will use for primary data collection. Such list will be obtained from an existing database of a research organization such as IPSOS MORI. In non-probability sampling method I will question or interview any one who is available. This method is very quick and cost efficient. Method of data collection: For collecting primary data I will use two methods, which are questionnaire and interviews. I will also consult a research organization such as IPSOS MORI, for collecting data for my research work. Questionnaire: For collecting data through questionnaires first of all I will select my target group to be examined through questionnaire. For this purpose I will adopt probability and non-probability sampling methods as mentioned above in sampling section. For questionnaire distribution I will use three methods i.e. sending emails, using postal services and onsite distribution by going to particular places i.e. supermarkets, travel centres to distribute the questions among randomly selected individuals. I will also get in touch with various businesses that are involved in cross borders E-commerce and will analyse their procedure for resolving B2C E-commerce disputes through the medium of questionnaire and conducting interviews. In current research work I have conducted a pilot research to make sure that the questions that will be asked in my actual dissertation are answerable and that the methods that will be used are workable in practical sense. I have distributed 50 questionnaires among the students in Bradford College. The response of the participants was very high and positive. The questions used in questionnaires were quite simple, which I will improve further by making amendments and improvements in my dissertation stage. A sample of questionnaire is attached at the end of this research proposal in appendix 1. Interviews: Interview is the most popular technique of qualitative research. It is very useful because of its flexibility, both in terms of content and time and can be tailored to suit the research questions, respondents, and the researchers own life style much more effectively. The use of interview can help the researcher to gather valid and reliable data that are relevant to the research question and objectives. For collecting data I will use face-to-face interviews, as it is a useful method of data collection and is used by most of the researchers because body language and emotions of the participant can also be studied which is a fundamental factor for a qualitative researcher. I will also use phone interviews and e-mail interviews. Interview will be semi structured and unstructured, and the questions may either be already prepared on a peace of paper or they may be generated during the interview process. There will be in-depth interviews with the participants in order to collect as much information as possible regarding the research topic. If the participants are having any difficulty in understanding the questions I will clarify and explain the question. I can also use opinion poll method to find out public opinion, by making a random selection from the general public. In my current research proposal I have interviewed 15 people in order to check the response and effectiveness of conducting interviews. The response I got from the participants was high but the result obtained from interviews was different from questionnaire although the interview questions were almost similar to the questionnaires. In order to get similar results I will make changes in interview questions to improve the quality and response rate and to make it more attractive for the respondents. A summary of interviews is attached at the end of this proposal in appendix 2. Secondary Data: I will also use secondary data in my research work. In order to conduct my research work effectively I will use different library services to access books, scholarly articles, journals and magazines relating to the research topic. For collecting relevant data I will use internet to access online libraries, electronic books and other online materials. I will also make efforts to study case law in the field of E-commerce to find out that how the courts deal with the matters and to look at the courts procedure about resolving e-commerce disputes and will compare them with out of court settlement methods. Data analysis: Data analysis is a continuous procedure during the whole research. The analysis starts from the point where the researcher and the participants are in close relation for the first time during a research process. For data analysis previous knowledge and experience of the researcher is of vital importance in order to get effective results. Data analysis is an important part of the research, where the researcher prepares the data for analysis. Once a data is analysed it is interpreted and than converted into a final report. The traditional methods of data analysis are now replaced by computer software available in the market. As I have selected questionnaire and interview as my primary data collection process, therefore the questionnaire and interview questions will be prepared in such manners that the acquired result obtained from them is valid and reliable, so that the same results can be gained when the research is repeated subsequently. Triangulation method is used in this research methodology because the data collected can be compared from different angles to get the accurate results for the research. Conclusion: After a detailed study of e-commerce and the existence of certain problems i.e. problem of jurisdiction, applicable law and enforcement of judgement, it is therefore apparent and inevitable for building up consumers confidence and e-commerce development that new means of enforcing B2C e-contracts should be adopted. As obvious from the literature review there are no uniform legal principles and legislation on international, regional and national level regulating disputes arising out of e-commerce transaction that takes place across state-borders. There are no binding principles to compel the parties to perform their part of obligation. Similarly literature review further indicates that efforts have been made by different governments and organizations to escalate the problem of enforcing B2C e-contracts and to resolve disputes that arising out of cross-border transaction, but they are only guidelines and voluntary principles of non-binding nature. Although new means of enforcing B2C e-contracts and disputes resolution across state borders are in practice i.e. ADR/ODR, but there are a number of obstacles in developing these mechanisms, such as non-awareness of consumers about ADR, non-availability of independent ADR practitioners, linguistic and cultural differences, distance between the parties. All these barriers need proper and positive response from governments, different organizations and private sector. New ways and means need to be introduce in order to increase consumers confidence in cross-border e-commerce because traditional means of dispute resolution such as court proceedings and other administrative actions are very expensive and time consuming, particularly in small value claims. Therefore it can be concluded that to resolve cross-borders e-commerce disputes it is inevitable to adopt, strengthen and support new means of disputes resolution on international, regional and national level to provide an effective, timely and cost-effective system to build up consumers confidence and develop e-commerce. References Lee, N., Lings, I. (2008) Doing Business Research, A Guide to Theory and Practice. SAGE Publications, 2008, p80 Commission Of The European Communities, Report on cross-border e-commerce in the EU, Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 5.3.2009, SEC(2009) 283 final, p5 Commission Of The European Communities, Report on cross-border e-commerce in the EU, Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 5.3.2009, SEC(2009) 283 final, p6 Key e-commerce Regulatory Issues, An EBC Guide to Taxation, Security and Privacy, E-export and Legal Issues Commission Of The European Communities, Report on cross-border e-commerce in the EU, Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 5.3.2009, SEC(2009) 283 final, p5 Commission Of The European Communities, Report on cross-border e-commerce in the EU, Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 5.3.2009, SEC(2009) 283 final, p5 Ong, C.E. (2003) B2C E-commerce Trust in Redress Mechanism (Cross Border Issue) Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia A new Dawn for dispute resolution, the Global Information Society and online dispute resolution, 9/21/2006, Muhammad S. Wahab OECD Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (1999) United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection, United Nations New York, 2003 Asian-pacific, Advancing Free Trade for Asia-pacific Prosperity, Economic Cooperation, Electronic Commerce Steering Group The term Arbitration refers to a process or a legal technique whereby a dispute is resolved outside the court through the medium of arbitrators. This mechanism is very useful in resolving disputes arising out of international commercial transaction. Mediation is a process whereby an impartial third party facilitates communication between consumer and business. Mediator tries to enable the parties to reach a settlement. Negotiation is an interaction of influences. It includes the process of resolving disputes, agreeing upon courses of action, bargaining for collective or individual advantage, or crafting outcomes to satisfy various interests. Submission on ADR in e-commerce, by National Alternative Disputes Resolution Advisory Council, p2 E-commerce and Development Report, 2003, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Internet edition prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2003, UNCTAD/SIDTE/ECB/2003/1 Dr. Patterson, M. (2001) An Australian Free Trade Agreement- Opportunities Challenges, Hyatt Hotel, Canberra, Session 4b, Infoeconomy issue, E-commerce Law, Law School Monash University Edward, L., Wilson, C. (2006) Redress Alternative Dispute Resolution in Cross-Border E-commerce Transactions, Briefing Note, IP/A/IMCO/IC/2006-206, p3 Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of June 2000, on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the internal market (Directive on electronic commerce), Article 17 OECD Guidelines for consumer protection in the context of electronic commerce, p 18 98/257/EC: Commission Recommendation of 30 March 1998 on the principles applicable to the bodies responsible for out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes, official journal of European Communities Commission Recommendations of 4 April 2001 on the principles for out-of-court bodies involving in the consensual resolution of consumer disputes, Official Journal of European Communities ICC best practices for Online Disputes Resolution for B2C and C2C transactions, Department of policy and business practices, commission on e-Business, IT and Telecom Alternative Dispute Resolution Guidelines, May, 2003, Agreement reached between Consumers International and the Global Business Dialogue on Electronic Commerce Bogdan, R.C. Biklen, S.K. (2006) Qualitative Research in Education: An introduction to theory and methods, Allyn Bacon Lee, N., Lings I. (2008) Doing Business Research, A Guide to Theory and Practice, SAGE Publications, p 217 aunders, M et al. (2007) Research Methods for Business Students, Prentice Hall, 4th Edition, p310

Biblical and Mythological Allusions in Moby Dick :: Moby Dick Essays

An allusion is a reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art.    Writers often use biblical and mythological allusions to which their readers are familiar.   In Moby Dick, Herman Melville frequently uses biblical and mythological allusions.   With these allusions the reader begins to understand the topic of discussion and is also exposed to the wisdom and knowledge Melville possess.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first allusion appears in the first line of the novel.   â€Å"Call me Ishmael.† (Melville1).   Ishmael was the biblical son of Abraham and his servant Hagar.   He was disowned in favor of Isaac, Abraham’s son with his wife Sarah.   An angel prophesied to Hagar.   â€Å"his hand shall be against every man, and every man’s hand against him.† (Genesis 16:12).   The name â€Å"Ishmael† has since become used commonly for an outcast, which is appropriate since he is inexperienced when it comes to whaling and is viewed as AN outcast to the other sailors upon the Pequod.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another biblical allusion is of the prophet Elijah and Captain Ahab.   Elijah WARNS Queequeg and Ishmael of Ahab.   Ishmael says he and Queequeg ARE boarding the Pequod because they have just â€Å"signed the articles† (Melville 68) and Elijah responds â€Å"Anything down there about your souls† (Melville 68).   This conflict between Elijah and Ahab goes all the way back to the bible.   I Kings describes the conflict between King Ahab and his wife Jezebel.   Elijah tells Ahab that â€Å"in the place where dogs licked the blood of Naboth shall dogs lick they blood, even thine,† (I Kings 21:19), and that â€Å"the dogs shall eat Jezebel by the wall of Jezrell† (I Kings 21:23).   This allusion is significant for foreshadowing the destruction of the Pequod.   In Moby Dick the characters names are not so different than names in the Bible and neither is the outcome of those characters so different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Melville not only used a number of biblical allusions in Moby Dick, but he also used many mythological allusions.   He used Greek mythology in describing the tattooing on the Queequeg.   â€Å"The counterpane of the patchwork, full of odd little parti-colored squares and triangles, and this arm of his tattooed all over with an interminable Cretan labyrinth of a figure† (Melvine 19).   The Cretan labyrinth was the maze, which imprisoned the half-bull, half-human Minotaur.   This adds immensely to the visual imagery of Queequeg.   Being able to imagine this large, black harpoon with a   â€Å"Cretan labyrinth of a figure† (Melville 19) the reader has a more appealing and specific picture of him. Biblical and Mythological Allusions in Moby Dick :: Moby Dick Essays An allusion is a reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art.    Writers often use biblical and mythological allusions to which their readers are familiar.   In Moby Dick, Herman Melville frequently uses biblical and mythological allusions.   With these allusions the reader begins to understand the topic of discussion and is also exposed to the wisdom and knowledge Melville possess.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first allusion appears in the first line of the novel.   â€Å"Call me Ishmael.† (Melville1).   Ishmael was the biblical son of Abraham and his servant Hagar.   He was disowned in favor of Isaac, Abraham’s son with his wife Sarah.   An angel prophesied to Hagar.   â€Å"his hand shall be against every man, and every man’s hand against him.† (Genesis 16:12).   The name â€Å"Ishmael† has since become used commonly for an outcast, which is appropriate since he is inexperienced when it comes to whaling and is viewed as AN outcast to the other sailors upon the Pequod.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another biblical allusion is of the prophet Elijah and Captain Ahab.   Elijah WARNS Queequeg and Ishmael of Ahab.   Ishmael says he and Queequeg ARE boarding the Pequod because they have just â€Å"signed the articles† (Melville 68) and Elijah responds â€Å"Anything down there about your souls† (Melville 68).   This conflict between Elijah and Ahab goes all the way back to the bible.   I Kings describes the conflict between King Ahab and his wife Jezebel.   Elijah tells Ahab that â€Å"in the place where dogs licked the blood of Naboth shall dogs lick they blood, even thine,† (I Kings 21:19), and that â€Å"the dogs shall eat Jezebel by the wall of Jezrell† (I Kings 21:23).   This allusion is significant for foreshadowing the destruction of the Pequod.   In Moby Dick the characters names are not so different than names in the Bible and neither is the outcome of those characters so different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Melville not only used a number of biblical allusions in Moby Dick, but he also used many mythological allusions.   He used Greek mythology in describing the tattooing on the Queequeg.   â€Å"The counterpane of the patchwork, full of odd little parti-colored squares and triangles, and this arm of his tattooed all over with an interminable Cretan labyrinth of a figure† (Melvine 19).   The Cretan labyrinth was the maze, which imprisoned the half-bull, half-human Minotaur.   This adds immensely to the visual imagery of Queequeg.   Being able to imagine this large, black harpoon with a   â€Å"Cretan labyrinth of a figure† (Melville 19) the reader has a more appealing and specific picture of him.

Who Are Are, from Where We Came

First of all, if I want to interpreted by the way of religiones point of view then I think this topic goes to meanless way. I have a knowledge by which I can explan it in proper way. Today we should given the side and lates talk on a historin what they were saying about this topic. I want to commence with quetation â€Å" the world depend upon human, but the human are illution† Start with the Annonaki I think this will never wrong to mention the Annonaki first in my this topic. We should to exam him first in front of my friends. The Annunaki belonged from sumerian religion since 25oo year ago and after few years the sumerian group has been replaced by Akkadian and later to babylonians untill they have been converted to christianity. In islamic point of view the Annunaki is called a (jinn). He was basically worked of god. Lates come to main point †¦ the Annunaki was the superiour to the igiges. The igiges were working for Annunaki to digging the god in planet earth. After same era the igiges were rebiling againt the Annunaki and after some years the Anki suggested to created the humankind by the Annunaki blood in the process on tube mechanism to burn the mankind. In the statement the many historine weren,t believe on this but after 18, 19 century the tube mechenism of tube . after the development in this field the thinker commence the believe on this explanation. There are one other story about the human on the bases of science. The science teach us the human body is called a biological computer . the human body are attracted by the help of heart then the heart transmitted to entire body . the energy come to our body from over surround environment. By this energy the sencs working and on the bases of sencs the MRNA TRNA send the message to brain and the brain worked .

Environmental impact of new technology essays

Environmental impact of new technology essays Environmental Impact of New Technology Things like SUVs and Jumbo Jets may be a good thing now, why they get us around from place to place very quickly. But from using these modern conveniences we are actually harming the environment. The pollutants released from these and many other machines are depleting the worlds supply of Oils and gasoline, burning these fossil fuels is also damaging the environment. The air is becoming polluted and harder to breathe; clean water supplies are becoming less clean! Many producers of such products wont fess up to the environmental damage they are undoubtedly causing. While these effects are not as sever as the original factories of the world we are still feeling these effects. If an alternate source of power is not found soon the world as we know it may very well end. With the innovation of machines to help us do work things have gotten much better for the workers, or have they? Many machines also do the jobs of assembly line workers much efficiently and without pay thus depriving many people of jobs they used to support there families with. These new machines dont have unions or require pay, everything they need to keep going can be found in a tool kit. If this trend continues many more people could be without jobs and living on the streets. A recent problem within our business society has been scandals. Enron, Martha Stewart, and any other instances of inside trading have been popping more and more. What was the cause? Money, the driving factor behind business was the cause for this criminal offence. But why get greedy when you already have it all? Many of these cases come from people that already have a large house and enough money to buy a small island with. But why wont they settle at that? The burning desire to have it all must have poured through and eventually drive ...

A Funny Selection of Philosophy Jokes

A Funny Selection of Philosophy Jokes There are plenty of hilarious philosophy jokes out there, some of which could easily be incorporated into teaching materials for both children and adults. From three books on the topic by Tom Cathcart and Dan Klein to the back pages of the internet, philosophy has borne the brunt of many a joke through the ages, offering both truth and humor to a rather grim observation of the human condition. The history of philosophy  is, in fact, riddled with humor. Cathcart and Klein Since 2007, the dynamic philosophy comedic duo of Tom Cathcart and Dan Klein have used humor to observe some basic truths around human psychology and ancient and modern philosophies. They famously taught the work you may even begin to understand philosophy through jokes, penning three books on the topic. Largely their structures hinged on telling a joke then explaining its relevance to the broader science. Their first book, Plato and Platypus Walk Into A Bar: Understanding Philosophy Through Jokes premiered in 2007 and was a major commercial hit, breaking down jokes according to philosophical branches or broad topics such as relativity. In it, it picks apart such jokes as what is the sound of one hand clapping, as they compare to Platos observations on topics like religion, logic, and reasoning. Aristotle and an Aardvark Go To Washington was their second book, published in 2008 and utilized politicians most awkward talk to take up philosophical issues. Their third book Heidegger and a Hippo Walk Through Those Pearly Gates: Using Philosophy (and Jokes!) to Explore Life, Death, the Afterlife, and Everything in Between (2009) is devoted to a single philosophical topic: immortality. Some of Historys Greatest Jokes Some notable and unsourceable jokes date all the way back to Platos time, in fact, The First Law of Philosophy is that for every philosopher, there exists an equal and opposite philosopher and the Second Law of Philosophy states that theyre both wrong. A common joke overheard  in 18th-century England was told as Did you hear that George Berkeley died? His girlfriend stopped seeing him! And more recently, you may have seen this gem plastered on bathroom stalls: God is dead - Nietzsche; Nietzsche is dead: God. Nothing is safe in the realm of philosophy jokes, especially not religion. Have you heard this one? What did the Buddhist say to the hot-dog vendor? Make me one with everything; What did the vendor then say to the Buddhist when he asked for change? Change comes from within! Ethics also hasnt avoided ridicule, as is the case with this famous joke. In it, a thoroughly secular young attorney and a philosopher were engaged in a fierce theological debate. Heaven and hell, you will agree, may very well be separated by a wall, contended the lawyer. Should it happen that this wall would fall down, who would you say must rebuild it? He posits that the righteous would insist that the wicked do it and the latter would likely refuse. He continues, If this case came before a judge, which do you believe would emerge the winner? The philosopher replied, It seems to me that any fair-minded judge would render a verdict against the wicked since the likelihood is that the wall should crumble from the fires of hell rather than from the bliss of Paradise, but on the other hand, I fully realize that hell surely contains a full quota of glib-tongued lawyers, and I should therefore not be surprised if they won the case.

The role of two selected topics in Operation Managment Research Paper

The role of two selected topics in Operation Managment - Research Paper Example In order to promote the competitiveness of organizations, promote cost efficient and accurate methods unrestricted flow of information is necessary. Hence, the key role of supply chain in operations is to ensure that all processes are in place in order to get accurate results. In order to ensure that the supply chain is cost effective and efficient, companies use a process known as supply chain management. A series of steps are followed by firm in order to ensure that the company transforms its raw materials into finished products. These series of steps may comprise of five stages namely, planning, developing, creating, delivering and returning defective products. With the changing markets globally, many companies and firms are forced to review their operations policy. Companies have changed from centralized operations to decentralized operations to be close to their markets and take advantage of available resources (Gunasekaran & Ngai, 2005). a) Procurement – One of the major roles of supply chain in operations management is that of procurement. All companies need to order goods and services in order to conduct business. A good supply chain manager is one who ensures that best quality goods are obtained at the least price. In manufacturing, the key responsibility and role of a procurement specialist is to search for vendors to procure materials which match the budget constraint and quality requirement. Hence a key requirement of purchasing professionals is to develop relationships with their suppliers and even look out for partnership options wherever feasible. A firm having an efficient supply chain management process seeks to provide purchasers multiple benefits which also include increased and improved coordination with suppliers. If the coordination between purchasers and suppliers is better, then this leads to increased commitment and a long term relationship between the suppliers and purchasers; thereby leading to a cost effective option to the pu rchasing organization (Giunipero & Brand, 1996). Smaller organizations need to order stationaries and hence they need to maintain a regular list of vendors who provide them the best quality products at the lowest price. Hence, an efficient procurement specialist should be a good negotiator in order to get the best deals from the suppliers. b) Transportation – One of the major roles of supply chain in operations is to efficiently handle transportation. Transportation in an essential part of the production process right from manufacturing of the product till the time of delivery to the final consumer and returns. The key prerequisite for this process to be successful is to ensure excellent coordination between each component in order to attain optimum benefits (Tseng & Yue, 2005). This requires in first determining the best suited and cost effective method of transportation applicable to the organization. Managers responsible for this first try to assess the tradeoffs in terms of price and speed. Most companies may have two or more modes of transportation depending on the urgency of the requirement. Shipping goods and equipment through a truck may be cost effective than by a flight. However, the time taken to send the consignment may be more in comparison to the time taken to send the goods by flight. Also some transport services may be highly

Internal and External Pay Equity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internal and External Pay Equity - Research Paper Example The equity theory states that the wages of the employee must match the job standards and the labor market (Dreher & Dougherty 2002). The managers hence believe that if they fail to match the wages wit the rest of the industry, chances are the best qualified employees will migrate to the rest companies that are paying better. The company that pays lowly will also not attract qualified people. This implies that incompetent personnel will be guiding the company which is translated as a management failure. According to Dreher & Dougherty (2002) matching the pay to the overall industry pay roll or the value of the job plays a great role in ensuring the satisfaction of the employee. This is because the morale of the employee is boosted when the relative wage that he or she is being paid is equal to the skills and abilities that he or she provides. When the image of a company is recognized, the employee feel appreciated, and works effectively to ensure the same level is either maintained or pushed to higher standards. According to the article, the only better way to ensure the best and qualified personnel are maintained in a business or company is by ensuring that their pay checks match those of their colleagues or the value of the job they are carrying out. The consequence of ignoring this is losing them to other companies and risking the operations of the company. Remuneration is termed the best motivation an employee